{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T08:59:17Z","timestamp":1761296357228,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific Excellence Support Program\u2014University of Miskolc","award":["ME-TKTP-2025-015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ME-TKTP-2025-015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cross-docking has emerged as a critical logistics strategy to reduce lead times, lower inventory levels, and enhance supply chain responsiveness. However, in high-throughput terminals, efficient coordination of inbound and outbound trailers remains a complex task, especially under uncertain and dynamically changing conditions. We propose a practical framework that helps logistics terminals assign trailers to docks in real time. It links live sensor data with a mathematical optimization model, so that the system can quickly adjust trailer plans when traffic or workload changes. Real-time data from IoT sensors, GPS, and operational records are preprocessed, enriched with predictive analytics, and used as input for a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model solved in rolling horizons. This enables the continuous reallocation of inbound and outbound trailers, ensuring synchronized flows and balanced dock utilization. Numerical experiments compare the adaptive approach with conventional first-come-first-served scheduling. Results show that average inbound dock utilization improves from 68% to 71%, while the share of periods with full utilization increases from 33.3% to 41.4%. Outbound utilization also rises from 57% to 62%. Moreover, trailer delays are significantly reduced, and the overall makespan shortens from 45 to 40 time slots. These findings confirm that adaptive, real-time trailer assignment can enhance efficiency, reliability, and resilience in cross-docking operations. The proposed framework thus bridges the gap between static optimization models and the operational requirements of modern, high-throughput logistics hubs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a18110679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T08:53:25Z","timestamp":1761296005000},"page":"679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adaptive Real-Time Planning of Trailer Assignments in High-Throughput Cross-Docking Terminals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0229-4781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tam\u00e1s","family":"B\u00e1nyai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Logistics, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4839-585X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Trojahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, 06406 Bernburg, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s00291-008-0139-2","article-title":"Scheduling Inbound and Outbound Trucks at Cross Docking Terminals","volume":"32","author":"Boysen","year":"2010","journal-title":"OR Spectr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2016.03.001","article-title":"Time-Indexed Formulation and Polynomial Time Heuristic for a Multi-Dock Truck Scheduling Problem in a Cross-Docking Centre","volume":"95","author":"Cota","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejtl.2022.100095","article-title":"Scheduling Cross-Docking Operations under Uncertainty: A Stochastic Genetic Algorithm Based on Scenarios Tree","volume":"11","author":"Gallo","year":"2022","journal-title":"EURO J. Transp. Logist."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6579","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2020.1821118","article-title":"Heuristic Algorithms for Truck Scheduling of Cross-Docking Operations in Cold-Chain Logistics","volume":"59","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2021.02.031","article-title":"Inbound and Outbound Flow Integration for Cross-Docking Operations","volume":"294","author":"Coindreau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/jbl.12135","article-title":"Just-in-Time Retail Distribution: A Systems Perspective on Cross-Docking","volume":"37","author":"Buijs","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bus. Logist."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2023.109249","article-title":"Study on the New Implementation Mode of Cross-Docking Based on Blockchain Technology","volume":"180","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2020.107932","article-title":"Deterioration Rate Variation Risk for Sustainable Cross-Docking Service Operations","volume":"232","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2009.03.010","article-title":"Truck Scheduling at Zero-Inventory Cross Docking Terminals","volume":"37","author":"Boysen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2010.10.003","article-title":"Scheduling Cross Docking Operations under Full, Partial and No Information on Inbound Arrivals","volume":"38","author":"Larbi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2010.08.012","article-title":"A Bounded Dynamic Programming Approach to Schedule Operations in a Cross Docking Platform","volume":"60","author":"Alpan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2009.06.006","article-title":"Scheduling Trucks in Cross-Docking Systems: Robust Meta-Heuristics","volume":"58","author":"Vahdani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2011.581006","article-title":"Cross-Dock Job Assignment Problem in Space-Constrained Industrial Logistics Distribution Hubs with a Single Docking Zone","volume":"50","author":"Choy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2018.11.033","article-title":"A Hybrid Lagrangian Metaheuristic for the Cross-Docking Flow Shop Scheduling Problem","volume":"275","author":"Fonseca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2020.106391","article-title":"Parallel-Machine Scheduling Methodology for a Multi-Dock Truck Sequencing Problem in a Cross-Docking Center","volume":"143","author":"Nogueira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"201","article-title":"Truck-to-Door Sequencing in Multi-Door Cross-Docking System with Dock Repeat Truck Holding Pattern","volume":"11","author":"Ardakani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5592122","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5592122","article-title":"Truck Scheduling for Cross-Docking of Fresh Produce with Repeated Loading","volume":"2021","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Math. Probl. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1177\/03611981221130332","article-title":"Truck and Cross-Docking Scheduling in the Flower Export Sector in Colombia","volume":"2677","author":"Sarmiento","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2019.106108","article-title":"Synchronized Scheduling of Make to Order Plant and Cross-Docking Warehouse","volume":"138","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chargui, T., Bekrar, A., Reghioui, M., and Trentesaux, D. (2019). Multi-Objective Sustainable Truck Scheduling in a Rail-Road Physical Internet Cross-Docking Hub Considering Energy Consumption. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11113127"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/09537287.2018.1520317","article-title":"A Visual Planning Solution to Streamline the Processes of Hybrid Cross-Dockings","volume":"30","author":"Braglia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prod. Plan. Control"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2020.1853843","article-title":"Scheduling Trucks and Storage Operations in a Multiple-Door Cross-Docking Terminal Considering Multiple Storage Zones","volume":"60","author":"Chargui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171305","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2171305","article-title":"A Multiobjective Mathematical Model for Truck Scheduling Problem in Multidoor Cross-Docking System","volume":"2022","author":"Taghizadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Discret. Dyn. Nat. Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"428","article-title":"Design and Analysis of AGV-Based Cross-Docking Operations Using Analytical Models","volume":"10","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prod. Manuf. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1913","article-title":"Optimization of Logistic Solutions for Incoming and Outgoing Trucks System Using a Simulated Cross-Docking Centre Environment","volume":"11","author":"Kravchuk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Math. Model. Eng. Probl."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"299","article-title":"A Multi-Objective Differential Evolution for Just-in-Time Door Assignment and Truck Scheduling in Multi-Door Cross Docking Problems","volume":"14","author":"Wisittipanich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Manag. Syst."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2015.07.021","article-title":"Scheduling Trucks in Cross Docking Systems with Temporary Storage and Repetitive Pattern for Shipping Trucks","volume":"36","author":"Mohtashami","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550016","DOI":"10.1142\/S0217595915500165","article-title":"Scheduling Trucks in Multi-Door Cross Docking Systems: An Adaptive Genetic Algorithm with a Dispatching Rule","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asia-Pac. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noh, Y., Lee, S., Hong, J., Kim, J., and Cho, S.W. (2025). Inbound Truck Scheduling for Workload Balancing in Cross-Docking Terminals. Mathematics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/math13152533"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1057\/jors.2008.108","article-title":"Vehicle Routing with Cross-Docking","volume":"60","author":"Wen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Oper. Res. Soc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2016.01.018","article-title":"Open Vehicle Routing Problem with Cross-Docking","volume":"94","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2015.03.005","article-title":"Two-Level Vehicle Routing with Cross-Docking in a Three-Echelon Supply Chain: A Genetic Algorithm Approach","volume":"39","author":"Ahmadizar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Model."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2014.01.002","article-title":"Vehicle Scheduling and Routing at a Cross Docking Center for Food Supply Chains","volume":"152","author":"Agustina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2012.09.016","article-title":"A Sweep-Heuristic Based Formulation for the Vehicle Routing Problem with Cross-Docking","volume":"48","author":"Dondo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1007\/s12063-023-00379-8","article-title":"An Optimization Model for Routing\u2014Location of Vehicles with Time Windows and Cross-Docking Structures in a Sustainable Supply Chain of Perishable Foods","volume":"16","author":"Soto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oper. Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050055","DOI":"10.1142\/S0217595920500554","article-title":"A New Location and Routing Model for Cross-Docking of Fresh Produce","volume":"38","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asia-Pac. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2021.107299","article-title":"A Routing and Scheduling Problem for Cross-Docking Networks with Perishable Products, Heterogeneous Vehicles and Split Delivery","volume":"157","author":"Asian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1108\/IJLM-11-2021-0515","article-title":"An Optimization Model for Collaborative Logistics among Carriers in Vehicle Routing Problems with Cross-Docking","volume":"34","author":"Ghomi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Logist. Manag."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2025.107048","article-title":"A Novel Mathematical Modeling Approach for Integrating a Periodic Vehicle Routing Problem and Cross-Docking System","volume":"180","author":"Asgharyar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18723","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-023-09137-1","article-title":"A New Hybrid Genetic Algorithm to Optimize Distribution and Operational Plans for Cross-Docking Satellites","volume":"27","author":"Kucukoglu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1080\/13675567.2022.2074381","article-title":"The Multi-Product Vehicle Routing Problem with Cross-Docking: A Novel Strategy Hybrid Bat Algorithm for Industry 3.5 in Thailand\u2019s Food Industry","volume":"27","author":"Worasan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Logist. Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lo, S.-C., and Chuang, Y.-L. (2023). Vehicle Routing Optimization with Cross-Docking Based on an Artificial Immune System in Logistics Management. Mathematics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/math11040811"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lo, S.-C. (2022). A Particle Swarm Optimization Approach to Solve the Vehicle Routing Problem with Cross-Docking and Carbon Emissions Reduction in Logistics Management. Logistics, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/logistics6030062"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1080\/0305215X.2020.1808973","article-title":"A Hub-and-Spoke Architecture for a Parcel Delivery System Using the Cross-Docking Distribution Strategy","volume":"53","author":"Arbabi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eng. Optim."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5267\/j.uscm.2018.7.001","article-title":"Designing a Location-Routing Model for Cross Docking in Green Supply Chain","volume":"7","author":"Rahmandoust","year":"2019","journal-title":"Uncertain Supply Chain Manag."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jors.2602328","article-title":"An Exact Algorithm for a Cross-Docking Supply Chain Network Design Problem","volume":"59","author":"Sung","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Oper. Res. Soc."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s40092-014-0088-0","article-title":"Developing a Cross-Docking Network Design Model under Uncertain Environment","volume":"11","author":"Seyedhoseini","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Int."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2015.04.039","article-title":"A Branch-and-Price Approach to Evaluate the Role of Cross-Docking Operations in Consolidated Supply Chains","volume":"80","author":"Dondo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S218","DOI":"10.1177\/0972150918757847","article-title":"Cross-Docking Centre Location in a Supply Chain Network: A Social Network Analysis Approach","volume":"19","author":"Barsing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Bus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s10588-017-9247-3","article-title":"A Comprehensive Approach in Designing a Sustainable Closed-Loop Supply Chain Network Using Cross-Docking Operations","volume":"24","author":"Rezaei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Math. Organ. Theory"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"2585","article-title":"On-Line Cross Docking: A General New Concept at a Container Port","volume":"22","author":"Azimi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Iran."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2016.1184346","article-title":"Two-Stage Optimisation Method for Material Flow and Allocation Management in Cross-Docking Networks","volume":"55","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s11740-015-0646-3","article-title":"Using Cross-Docking Operations in a Reverse Logistics Network Design: A New Approach","volume":"10","author":"Kheirkhah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prod. Eng."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bo\u0219coianu, M., Toth, Z., and Goga, A.-S. (2025). Sustainable Strategies to Reduce Logistics Costs Based on Cross-Docking\u2014The Case of Emerging European Markets. Sustainability, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/su17146471"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorenc, A. (2024). Cross-Docking Layout Optimization in FlexSim Software Based on Cold Chain 4PL Company. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16229620"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.18485\/aeletters.2023.8.4.1","article-title":"Energy-Efficiency and Sustainability in Cross-Docking Supply Using E-Vehicles","volume":"8","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Eng. Lett."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2023.04.030","article-title":"Cross-Docking Based Factory Logistics Unitisation Process: An Approximate Dynamic Programming Approach","volume":"311","author":"Lyu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1504\/IJPMB.2021.115008","article-title":"Holistic Approach of Optimising Cross-Docking in Supply Chain","volume":"11","author":"Mishra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Process Manag. Benchmarking"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"101","article-title":"Supplier Selection in Supply Chain Using Cross-Docking Services for Blending Technology-Based Production Processes","volume":"21","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acad. J. Manuf. Eng."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"69","article-title":"Cross-Docking in the Sales Supply Chain: Integration of Information and Communication (I+C) Relationships","volume":"33","author":"Babics","year":"2005","journal-title":"Period. Polytech. Transp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/24725854.2023.2273373","article-title":"Optimal Shipping, Collaboration, and Outsourcing Decisions in a Hybrid Cross-Docking Supply Chain","volume":"57","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"IISE Trans."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omega.2009.09.001","article-title":"Pre-Distribution vs. Post-Distribution for Cross-Docking with Transshipments","volume":"38","author":"Tang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Omega"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2009.05.005","article-title":"Pre-Distribution and Post-Distribution Cross-Docking Operations","volume":"45","author":"Yan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transp. Res. E Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2158-1592.2010.tb00131.x","article-title":"An Analysis of Factors Affecting Cross Docking Operations","volume":"31","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bus. Logist."}],"container-title":["Algorithms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4893\/18\/11\/679\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T08:56:10Z","timestamp":1761296170000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4893\/18\/11\/679"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["a18110679"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/a18110679","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4893"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4893","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]}}}