{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T05:16:00Z","timestamp":1762406160622,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"General Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52470222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52470222"]}]},{"name":"Undergraduate and Higher Continuing Education Teaching Reform Research Key Projects of Shaanxi Province","award":["23ZG016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23ZG016"]}]},{"name":"Research Special on Educational Reform (Top-tier Innovative Talent Development) - Key Project on Curriculum Development and Reform","award":["JGZ220113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JGZ220113"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Student course performance evaluation serves as a critical pedagogical tool for diagnosing learning gaps and enhancing educational outcomes, yet conventional assessments often suffer from rigid single-metric scoring and ambiguous causality. This study proposes an integrated analytic framework addressing these limitations by synergizing pedagogical expertise with data-driven diagnostics through four key measure: (1) Interval Analytic Hierarchy Process (I-AHP) to derive criterion weights reflecting instructional priorities via expert judgment; (2) K-means clustering to objectively stratify students into performance cohorts based on multidimensional metrics; (3) Random Forest classification and SHAP value analysis to quantitatively identify key discriminators of cluster membership and interpret decision boundaries; and (4) attribution-guided interventions targeting cohort-specific deficiencies. Leveraging a dual-channel ecosystem across pre-class, in-class, and post-class phases, we established a hierarchical evaluation system where I-AHP weighted pedagogical sub-criteria to generate comprehensive student scores.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a18110691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T18:21:46Z","timestamp":1762194106000},"page":"691","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Attribution-Driven Teaching Interventions: Linking I-AHP Weighted Assessment to Explainable Student Clustering"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yanzheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710055, China"},{"name":"School of Future Technology, Xi\u2019an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710055, China"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710055, China"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710055, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4556-1181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Future Technology, Xi\u2019an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710055, China"}]},{"given":"Mi","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Future Technology, Xi\u2019an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710055, China"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Future Technology, Xi\u2019an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710055, China"}]},{"given":"Lingtong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Future Technology, Xi\u2019an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710055, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00fchler, M.M., Jelinek, T., and N\u00fcbel, K. 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