{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T07:08:30Z","timestamp":1767856110416,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Humanities and Social Sciences Project of the Ministry of Education","award":["24YJCZH443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24YJCZH443"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai","award":["25ZR1401270"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25ZR1401270"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Philosophy and Social Sciences Planning Project","award":["2024EYY011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024EYY011"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project","award":["2024EYY015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024EYY015"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012325","name":"National Social Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18CZX014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18CZX014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012325","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pronoun resolution is essential for language comprehension, yet the neural mechanisms underlying this process remain poorly characterized. Here, we investigate the neural dynamics of impersonal pronoun processing using electroencephalography combined with machine learning approaches. We developed a novel experimental paradigm that contrasts impersonal pronoun resolution with direct nominal reference processing. Using electroencephalography (EEG) recordings and machine learning techniques, including local learning-based clustering feature selection (LLCFS), recursive feature elimination (RFE), and logistic regression (LR), we analyzed neural responses from twenty participants. Our approach revealed differential EEG feature patterns across frontal, temporal, and parietal electrodes within multiple frequency bands during pronoun resolution compared to nominal reference tasks, achieving classification accuracies of 78.52% for subject-dependent and 60.10% for cross-subject validation. Behavioral data revealed longer reaction times and lower accuracy for pronoun resolution compared to nominal reference tasks. Combined with differential EEG patterns, these findings demonstrate that pronoun resolution engages more complex mechanisms of referent selection and verification compared to nominal reference tasks. The results establish potential EEG-based indicators for language processing assessment, offering new directions for cross-linguistic investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a18120778","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T16:11:18Z","timestamp":1765383078000},"page":"778","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["EEG-Based Decoding of Neural Mechanisms Underlying Impersonal Pronoun Resolution"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8917-0780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengyuan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Foreign Languages, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanqing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Foreign Languages, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingyi","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Foreign Languages, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4041-8428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenlong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Foreign Languages, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yilin","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinlin","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yulin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2013-4009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhong","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3841(78)90006-2","article-title":"Resolving Pronoun References","volume":"44","author":"Hobbs","year":"1978","journal-title":"Lingua"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1703_1","article-title":"Pronouns, Names, and the Centering of Attention in Discourse","volume":"17","author":"Gordon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cogn. 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