{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T05:16:19Z","timestamp":1765689379927,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research","award":["KFU254495"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFU254495"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study tested the impacts of large language model (LLM) addiction on the mental health of university students, employing gender as a moderator. Data was collected from 750 university students from multiple fields of study (i.e., business, medical, education, and social sciences) using a self-administered questionnaire. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed to analyze the collected data; this study tested the impacts of three LLM addiction dimensions\u2014withdrawal and health problems (W&amp;HPs), time management and performance (TM&amp;P), and social comfort (SC)\u2014on stress, depression, and anxiety as dimensions of mental health disorders. Findings indicate that TM&amp;P and SC had a significant positive impact on stress, depression, and anxiety, implying that overdependence (as an early-stage precursor and behavioral antecedent of LLM addiction) on LLMs for academic achievements and emotional reassurance contributed to higher levels of psychological distress. On the contrary, W&amp;HP showed a weak but significant negative correlation with stress, signaling a probable self-regulatory coping approach. Furthermore, gender was found to successfully moderate several of the tested relationships, where male university students showed stronger relationships between LLM addiction dimensions and adverse mental health consequences, whereas female university students proved greater emotional constancy and resilience. Theoretically, this paper extends the digital addiction frameworks into the AI setting, highlighting gendered models of emotional exposure. Practically, this study highlights the urgent need for gender-sensitive digital well-being intervention programs that address the overuse of LLMs, a prominent category of generative AI. These outcomes emphasize the significance of balancing technological involvement with mental health protection, determining how LLM usage can specifically contribute to digital addiction and related psychological consequences among university students.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a18120789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T15:27:20Z","timestamp":1765553240000},"page":"789","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Impacts of Large Language Model Addiction on University Students\u2019 Mental Health: Gender as a Moderator"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7800-0428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim A.","family":"Elshaer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management, School of Business, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9380-1779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alaa M. S. A.","family":"Azazz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Studies, Arts College, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"102789","article-title":"The Impact of Generative Artificial Intelligence on Higher Education: Opportunities and Challenges","volume":"75","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Manag."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jogezai, N.A., Koroleva, D., and Ivanov, I. (2025). Generative Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education: Challenges, Opportunities and Future Course of Actions to Achieve Sustainable Development Goals. Int. J. Educ. Manag., 1\u201325.","key":"ref_2","DOI":"10.1108\/IJEM-12-2024-0786"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuss, D.J., and Griffiths, M.D. (2017). Social Networking Sites and Addiction: Ten Lessons Learned. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.","key":"ref_3","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14030311"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.11.013","article-title":"Relationship between Internet Use and Depression: Focus on Physiological Mood Oscillations, Social Networking and Online Addictive Behavior","volume":"43","author":"Banjanin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"224","article-title":"Correlation of Internet Addiction with Academic Performance and General Health in Undergraduate Physiotherapy Students: Internet Addiction with Academic Performance and General Health","volume":"4","author":"Naseem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pak. Biomed. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-017-0042-5","article-title":"Gamifying Education: What Is Known, What Is Believed and What Remains Uncertain: A Critical Review","volume":"14","author":"Dichev","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Technol. High. Educ."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamari, J., Koivisto, J., and Sarsa, H. (2014, January 6\u20139). Does Gamification Work?\u2013A Literature Review of Empirical Studies on Gamification. Proceedings of the 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Waikoloa, HI, USA.","key":"ref_7","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2014.377"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sailer, M., Hense, J., Mandl, H., and Klevers, M. (2013). Psychological Perspectives on Motivation through Gamification. Interact. Des. Arch., 28\u201337.","key":"ref_8","DOI":"10.55612\/s-5002-019-002"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2025.108759","article-title":"The Influence of Persona and Conversational Task on Social Interactions with a LLM-Controlled Embodied Conversational Agent","volume":"172","author":"Kroczek","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Li, H., Yin, M., Zhang, M., Li, Z., and Chen, Z. (2025). Investigating AI Chatbot Dependence: Associations with Internet and Smartphone Dependence, Mental Health Outcomes, and the Moderating Role of Usage Purposes. Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact., 1\u201313.","key":"ref_10","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2025.2545464"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e142","DOI":"10.18295\/squmj.2019.19.02.010","article-title":"Internet Use and Addiction among Medical Students in Qassim University, Saudi Arabia","volume":"19","author":"Taha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sultan Qaboos Univ. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"179","article-title":"The Evolution of the\u2019components Model of Addiction\u2019and the Need for a Confirmatory Approach in Conceptualizing Behavioral Addictions","volume":"32","author":"Griffiths","year":"2019","journal-title":"D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen Adam J. Psychiatry Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1086\/268109","article-title":"Uses and Gratifications Research","volume":"37","author":"Katz","year":"1973","journal-title":"Public Opin. Q."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/14659890500114359","article-title":"A \u2018Components\u2019 Model of Addiction within a Biopsychosocial Framework","volume":"10","author":"Griffiths","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Subst. Use"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13899","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13899","article-title":"Adolescents\u2019 Interactive Electronic Device Use, Sleep and Mental Health: A Systematic Review of Prospective Studies","volume":"32","author":"Dibben","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19076","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-022-02951-0","article-title":"Interpersonal Relationships Moderate the Relation between Academic Stress and Mobile Phone Addiction via Depression among Chinese Adolescents: A Three-Wave Longitudinal Study","volume":"42","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.17977\/um023v12i22023p302-312","article-title":"The Influence of Time Management and Social Media Addiction on Academic Procrastination in Undergraduate Students","volume":"12","author":"Mukarromah","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sains Psikol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"41","article-title":"College Students\u2019 Academic Stress and Its Relation to Their Anxiety, Time Management, and Leisure Satisfaction","volume":"16","author":"Misra","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Stud."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S373095","article-title":"The Mediating Roles of Time Management and Learning Strategic Approach in the Relationship Between Smartphone Addiction and Academic Procrastination","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, Z., Hassan, N.C., Hassan, S.A., Ismail, N., Gu, X., and Dong, J. (2025). The Relationship between Internet Addiction and Academic Burnout in Undergraduates: A Chain Mediation Model. BMC Public Health, 25.","key":"ref_20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-22719-y"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.44.3.513","article-title":"Conservation of Resources: A New Attempt at Conceptualizing Stress","volume":"44","author":"Hobfoll","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4152","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-6012.ijrms20243364","article-title":"Zainab Associations between Internet Addiction, Grit, Perceived Stress and Academic Performance in Medical Students","volume":"12","author":"Aziz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aziz, M., Chemnad, K., Al-Harahsheh, S., Abdelmoneium, A.O., Baghdady, A., and Ali, R. (2024). Depression, Stress, and Anxiety versus Internet Addiction in Early and Middle Adolescent Groups: The Mediating Roles of Family and School Environments. BMC Psychol., 12.","key":"ref_23","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-024-01659-z"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1207\/S1532785XMEP0503_01","article-title":"Unregulated Internet Usage: Addiction, Habit, or Deficient Self-Regulation?","volume":"5","author":"LaRose","year":"2003","journal-title":"Media Psychol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-016-0494-2","article-title":"The Dark Side of Internet Use: Two Longitudinal Studies of Excessive Internet Use, Depressive Symptoms, School Burnout and Engagement Among Finnish Early and Late Adolescents","volume":"46","author":"Upadyaya","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Y., Zhang, L., Su, X., Zhang, X., and Deng, X. (2025). Association between Internet Addiction and Insomnia among College Freshmen: The Chain Mediation Effect of Emotion Regulation and Anxiety and the Moderating Role of Gender. BMC Psychiatry, 25.","key":"ref_26","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-025-06778-4"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, X., Zhang, M., and Zhang, J. (2023). The Relationship between Social Support and Internet Addiction among Chinese College Freshmen: A Mediated Moderation Model. Front. Psychol., 13.","key":"ref_27","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1031566"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2016.6.14430","article-title":"Smartphone Addiction among University Students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","volume":"37","author":"Alosaimi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2013.10.059","article-title":"A Conceptual and Methodological Critique of Internet Addiction Research: Towards a Model of Compensatory Internet Use","volume":"31","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650203257842","article-title":"Preference for Online Social Interaction: A Theory of Problematic Internet Use and Psychosocial Well-Being","volume":"30","author":"Caplan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Commun. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-023-00590-2","article-title":"Gender Differences in Symptom Structure of Adolescent Problematic Internet Use: A Network Analysis","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2022.111705","article-title":"Are There Gender Differences in Comorbidity Symptoms Networks of Problematic Social Media Use, Anxiety and Depression Symptoms? Evidence from Network Analysis","volume":"195","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"805","article-title":"Organizational Politics and Validity of Layoff Decisions: Mediating Role of Distributive Justice of Performance Appraisal","volume":"26","author":"Saad","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Mark. Manag."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, J., Huang, Z., Li, H., Liu, M., Zhang, W., Ma, N., Yang, L., Gu, F., Liu, Y., and Jin, S. (2014). Is the Excessive Use of Microblogs an Internet Addiction? Developing a Scale for Assessing the Excessive Use of Microblogs in Chinese College Students. PLoS ONE, 9.","key":"ref_34","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110960"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)00075-U","article-title":"The Structure of Negative Emotional States: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories","volume":"33","author":"Lovibond","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1348\/014466505X29657","article-title":"The Short-form Version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21): Construct Validity and Normative Data in a Large Non-clinical Sample","volume":"44","author":"Henry","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2023.104042","article-title":"Psychometric Properties of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) among Different Chinese Populations: A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analysis","volume":"240","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, C.-H., Liao, X.-L., Jiang, X.-Y., Li, X.-D., Chen, I.-H., and Lin, C.-Y. (2023). Psychometric Evaluation of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) among Chinese Primary and Middle School Teachers. BMC Psychol., 11.","key":"ref_38","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-023-01242-y"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s00180-012-0317-1","article-title":"Goodness-of-Fit Indices for Partial Least Squares Path Modeling","volume":"28","author":"Henseler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Stat."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Homburg, C., Klarmann, M., and Vomberg, A. (2022). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling. Handbook of Market Research, Springer International Publishing.","key":"ref_40","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-57413-4"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"295","article-title":"The Partial Least Squares Approach to Structural Equation Modeling","volume":"295","author":"Chin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mod. Methods Bus. Res."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hair, J.F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C.M., and Gudergan, S.P. (2017). Advanced Issues in Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling, Sage Publications.","key":"ref_42","DOI":"10.15358\/9783800653614"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1080\/1743727X.2015.1005806","article-title":"A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM)","volume":"38","author":"Leguina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Method. Educ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-014-0403-8","article-title":"A New Criterion for Assessing Discriminant Validity in Variance-Based Structural Equation Modeling","volume":"43","author":"Henseler","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Acad. Mark. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ausmj.2019.05.003","article-title":"How to Specify, Estimate, and Validate Higher-Order Constructs in PLS-SEM","volume":"27","author":"Sarstedt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Australas. Mark. J."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"23","article-title":"Evaluating the Fit of Structural Equation Models: Tests of Significance and Descriptive Goodness-of-Fit Measures","volume":"8","author":"Moosbrugger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Methods Psychol. Res. Online"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i03","article-title":"semPLS: Structural Equation Modeling Using Partial Least Squares","volume":"48","author":"Monecke","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S411412","article-title":"Stress and Internet Addiction: Mediated by Anxiety and Moderated by Self-Control","volume":"16","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gavurova, B., Khouri, S., Ivankova, V., Rigelsky, M., and Mudarri, T. (2022). Internet Addiction, Symptoms of Anxiety, Depressive Symptoms, Stress among Higher Education Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front. Public Health, 10.","key":"ref_49","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.893845"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panisoara, I.O., Lazar, I., Panisoara, G., Chirca, R., and Ursu, A.S. (2020). Motivation and Continuance Intention towards Online Instruction among Teachers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Effect of Burnout and Technostress. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","key":"ref_50","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17218002"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.08.030","article-title":"Problematic Smartphone Use: A Conceptual Overview and Systematic Review of Relations with Anxiety and Depression Psychopathology","volume":"207","author":"Elhai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.53.9.1017","article-title":"Internet Paradox: A Social Technology That Reduces Social Involvement and Psychological Well-Being?","volume":"53","author":"Kraut","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2018.10.003","article-title":"Associations between Screen Time and Lower Psychological Well-Being among Children and Adolescents: Evidence from a Population-Based Study","volume":"12","author":"Twenge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e69284","DOI":"10.2196\/69284","article-title":"The Applications of Large Language Models in Mental Health: Scoping Review","volume":"27","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2025.00081","article-title":"Impact of Digital Addiction on Youth Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Shiferaw","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adedia, D., Konlan, K.D., Tsogbe, D., Kugbey, N., Kale, E.R., Gmayinaam, V.U., Anaman, J., and Ayanore, M. (2025). Digital Addiction and Emotional Exhaustion as Mediators between Problematic Internet Use and Mental Well-Being in University Students. SSRN.","key":"ref_56","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5309870"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.11.012","article-title":"Facebook Intrusion, Fear of Missing out, Narcissism, and Life Satisfaction: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"259","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez-Fernandez, O., Kuss, D.J., Griffiths, M.D., and Billieux, J. (2015). The Conceptualization and Assessment of Problematic Mobile Phone Use. Encycl. Mob. Phone Behav., 591\u2013606.","key":"ref_58","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-4666-8239-9.ch050"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2004.01.010","article-title":"Gender Differences in Stress and Coping Styles","volume":"37","author":"Matud","year":"2004","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/joop.12083","article-title":"Smartphone Use and Work\u2013Home Interference: The Moderating Role of Social Norms and Employee Work Engagement","volume":"88","author":"Derks","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Occup. Organ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2017.01.010","article-title":"Social Media Use and Perceived Social Isolation Among Young Adults in the U.S","volume":"53","author":"Primack","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143109","article-title":"Emotion Regulation and Psychopathology: The Role of Gender","volume":"8","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-023-00620-z","article-title":"Differences between Problematic Internet and Smartphone Use and Their Psychological Risk Factors in Boys and Girls: A Network Analysis","volume":"17","author":"Rozgonjuk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64081","DOI":"10.2196\/64081","article-title":"Effects of Large Language Model\u2013Based Offerings on the Well-Being of Students: Qualitative Study","volume":"8","author":"Selim","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMIR Form. Res."}],"container-title":["Algorithms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4893\/18\/12\/789\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T05:14:56Z","timestamp":1765689296000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4893\/18\/12\/789"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["a18120789"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/a18120789","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4893"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-4893"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]}}}