{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T23:54:09Z","timestamp":1773791649590,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Natural Science Basic Research Program","award":["2025JC-YBMS-730"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JC-YBMS-730"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In extreme scenarios, to prevent the leakage of jamming coordination information, the jammers must proactively terminate their communication functions and implement jamming resource scheduling via Non-Networked Cooperation. However, current research on this non-networked jamming approach is relatively limited. Furthermore, existing algorithms either rely on networked interactions or lack cognitive strategies for the surrounding communication countermeasure situation. For example, they fail to adapt to dynamic changes in electromagnetic noise and struggle to determine jamming effectiveness, leading to low jamming efficiency and severe energy waste in non-networked scenarios. To address this issue, this paper establishes a game process and corresponding algorithm for non-networked communication countermeasures and designs cognitive, cooperative, and scheduling strategies for individual jammers. Meanwhile, a novel performance metric called the \u201cOverall Communication Suppression Ratio (OCSR)\u201d is proposed. This metric quantifies the relationship between \u201csustained full-suppression duration\u201d and \u201c operating duration of the jamming system,\u201d overcoming the defect that traditional metrics cannot evaluate the dynamic jamming effectiveness in non-networked scenarios. Experimental results indicate that although the OCSR of the proposed Intelligent Concentric Circle Algorithm (ICCA) is significantly lower than that of the Full-Power Jamming Algorithm (FPJA), ICCA extends the operating duration of the jamming system by 4.8%. This achieves non-uniform power setting of jammers, enabling flexible and dynamic jamming in non-networked scenarios and retaining more battery capacity for jammers after overall jamming failure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a19010073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T14:35:38Z","timestamp":1768487738000},"page":"73","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["ICCA: Independent Multi-Agent Algorithm for Distributed Jamming Scheduling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3192-2862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenpeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710025, China"},{"name":"PLA 967XX Unit, Henan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenhua","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710025, China"},{"name":"School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haiyang","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaoguang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenxi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianwei","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36621-x","article-title":"Wireless communications sensing and security above 100\u2009GHz","volume":"14","author":"Jornet","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. 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