{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T17:44:49Z","timestamp":1782927889602,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are increasingly utilized in urban inspection and emergency rescue missions, path planning under strong wind conditions persists as a critical challenge. Traditional algorithms frequently exhibit deficiencies in environmental adaptability or encounter difficulties in balancing exploration and exploitation. This paper presents a dynamic-proportion Bat\u2013Cuckoo Search (BA-CS) Hybrid Algorithm enhanced with wind field perception to tackle the challenges of UAV path planning in urban environments with strong winds, specifically addressing the issues of insufficient environmental adaptation and the exploration\u2013exploitation imbalance. The algorithm integrates a dual-feedback mechanism that dynamically modifies the ratio of the BA\/CS subpopulations in accordance with real-time iteration progress and population diversity. By incorporating wind field perception into population initialization, interpopulation information exchange, and wind resistance perturbation strategies, it attains efficient path optimization under multiple constraints. Experimental results under strong winds with speeds ranging from 10.8 to 13.8 m\/s indicate that the proposed algorithm generates paths that are smooth, continuous, and entirely collision-free. It achieves a superior average wind resistance cost of 0.92, which is 9.8%, 17.1%, and 52.6% lower than those of the A*, RRT, and PSO algorithms, respectively. With a planning time of 3.95 s, it satisfies the path wind resistance stability requirements stipulated in the GB\/T 38930-2020 standard, providing an effective solution for UAV inspection and emergency rescue operations in urban wind scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a19020097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T09:21:40Z","timestamp":1769505700000},"page":"97","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Wind Field\u2013Perception Hybrid Algorithm for UAV Path Planning in Strong Wind Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Hongping","family":"Pu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UAV Industry College, Chengdu Aeronautic Polytechnic, Chengdu 610100, China"},{"name":"Sichuan Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Control, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin 644000, China"},{"name":"College of Automation and Information Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin 644000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinshuai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Control, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin 644000, China"},{"name":"College of Automation and Information Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin 644000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiyong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UAV Industry College, Chengdu Aeronautic Polytechnic, Chengdu 610100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunlan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Information and Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Art and Design, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3028-6903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingju","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Control, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin 644000, China"},{"name":"College of Automation and Information Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin 644000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxia","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UAV Industry College, Chengdu Aeronautic Polytechnic, Chengdu 610100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-025-07357-8","article-title":"Design and performance analysis of high-altitude UAVs: Trends, challenges, and innovations","volume":"7","author":"Rai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. 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