{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T15:38:42Z","timestamp":1770133122594,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the aim of mitigating the impact of wind power integration and source-load-side uncertainties on an integrated energy system, we initially employed the Monte Carlo simulation in this study to randomly generate multiple wind power output\/load scenarios in accordance with probability distribution functions. Additionally, we proposed a two-stage optimization method. In the first stage of our study, an enhanced African vulture optimization algorithm was applied to perform multi-objective optimization targeting fuel cost and carbon emissions across various scenarios, thereby solving the Pareto frontier to obtain multiple candidate solutions. In the study\u2019s second stage, comprehensively considering fuel cost, carbon emission, and wind power penetration rate, evidential reasoning was utilized to determine the optimal operation strategy among the candidates. Finally, a combined heat and power system composed of the IEEE 30-bus system and a 32-node heating network was simulated. The results demonstrate that this decision-making approach can effectively reflect the merits of candidate solutions, thus validating the feasibility of the designed research methodology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a19020109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T09:00:33Z","timestamp":1770022833000},"page":"109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Evidential Reasoning-Enhanced African Vulture Optimization Algorithm for Two-Stage Optimization of Integrated Energy Systems Under Uncertainty"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Chao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Henan Institute of Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China"},{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Cable Advanced Materials and Intelligent Manufacturing, Xinxiang 453003, China"},{"name":"International College, Krirk University, Bangkok 10220, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiming","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Cable Advanced Materials and Intelligent Manufacturing, Xinxiang 453003, China"},{"name":"College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3754","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2021.3112095","article-title":"Bilevel heat-electricity energy sharing for integrated energy systems with energy hubs and prosumers","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7510505","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2019.2955386","article-title":"A multi-objective topology optimization methodology based on pareto optimal min-cut","volume":"56","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"4859","article-title":"Identifying sets of critical components that affect the resilience of power networks","volume":"69","author":"Shan","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6044","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2022.3156472","article-title":"Decomposition-based integrated optimal electric powertrain design","volume":"71","author":"Fahdzyana","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. 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