{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T10:55:32Z","timestamp":1774263332114,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RF1AG064312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF1AG064312"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RF1NS120947"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF1NS120947"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG073410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG073410"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL161253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL161253"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NS126282"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS126282"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG073598"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG073598"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NS131347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS131347"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NS130119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS130119"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate identification of acute and subacute subdural hematoma (acute\/subacute SDH) is critical for improved patient outcomes. However, large-scale research is hindered by unreliable identification methods in electronic health records (EHRs). Current approaches relying on International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes lack specificity and cannot distinguish acute, subacute, and chronic cases; manual chart review is too labor-intensive to scale. We developed an automated phenotyping algorithm using structured data and unstructured clinical notes for high-accuracy retrospective identification of acute\/subacute SDH. We analyzed 2999 records from two hospitals, including ICD-positive and ICD-negative acute\/subacute SDH cases verified by manual chart review. Features for model training included ICD codes, Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes, and clinical note keywords. Logistic regression and random forest models were trained using cross-validation and evaluated using AUROC and AUPRC. External validation involved training on one hospital and testing on the other. The random forest keywords-only model performed best, achieving an AUROC of 0.985 (95% CI: 0.980\u20130.990) and AUPRC of 0.944 (95% CI: 0.923\u20130.962) on the test set. External validation demonstrated strong AUROCs of 0.965 and 0.971 and AUPRCs of 0.831 and 0.840. The overall error rate was &lt;1%. This model provides a scalable, highly accurate approach to acute\/subacute SDH detection in EHR research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a19030239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T09:48:42Z","timestamp":1774259322000},"page":"239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Automated Electronic Health Record Phenotyping of Acute and Subacute Subdural Hematoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5697-2067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory B.","family":"Hooke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5041-8312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haoqi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1117-7106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Clive","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Spencer","family":"Boris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4806-578X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niels","family":"Turley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4491-2948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lydia","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaden","family":"Searle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bram","family":"Overmeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9218-0518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali Han","family":"Yaramis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karan","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4370-3077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arjun","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4994-0558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Sumsion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5243-368X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aditya","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manohar","family":"Ghanta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5735-9143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valdery F.","family":"Moura Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7203-2832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katie L.","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA"},{"name":"California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sleep Medicine, Southern California Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA 92335, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2329-6847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lynn Marie","family":"Trotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gari D.","family":"Clifford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Umakanth","family":"Katwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5677-6954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shibani S.","family":"Mukerji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sahar F.","family":"Zafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5575-3953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert J.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, 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Brandon","family":"Westover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.09.054","article-title":"Outcomes After the Surgical Evacuation of Traumatic Acute Subdural Hematomas: The tASDH Risk Score","volume":"180","author":"Roach","year":"2023","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.cr.2014-0204","article-title":"Surgical management of traumatic acute subdural hematoma in adults: A review","volume":"54","author":"Karibe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurol. Med. Chir."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Pierre, L. (2026, March 15). 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