{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T05:05:49Z","timestamp":1779512749624,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Addressing the challenge of effectively detecting data tampering attacks in cyber-physical systems, this paper proposes an attack detection method based on prior information for the identification of a class of Hammerstein nonlinear systems measured by binary sensors. This method leverages the periodic structure of the system inputs and the statistical properties of the binary observation data to characterize the asymptotic properties of the parameter estimators; furthermore, by incorporating prior information regarding the system parameters, it constructs a detection criterion that enables the effective identification of attack behaviors. To enhance the computational efficiency of the algorithm in practical applications, a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) is employed to approximate the implicit nonlinear inverse mapping, thereby circumventing the numerical difficulties associated with directly solving systems of nonlinear equations. On a theoretical level, the asymptotic distributions of the detection algorithm\u2019s false alarm rate and missed detection rate are derived, and a systematic analysis is conducted on how detection performance is affected by factors such as system input period, prior information scope, and data length. Numerical simulations validate the efficacy of the proposed method; the results demonstrate that as the data length increases, both the false alarm rate and the missed detection rate of the algorithm decrease. Moreover, a broader scope of prior information leads to a lower false alarm rate but a higher missed detection rate, thereby illustrating the \u201cdouble-edged sword\u201d effect of prior information in the context of attack detection. This study provides a theoretical foundation and technical support for attack detection in nonlinear systems operating under conditions of data constraints and security threats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a19050411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T15:17:23Z","timestamp":1779203843000},"page":"411","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Method for Detecting Data Tampering Attacks Based on Prior Information"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Zimeng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingxiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanpeng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengwei","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Rolling and Intelligent Manufacturing, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16072","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2024.3407721","article-title":"Intelligent game-theoretic approach for resilient robust control design of cyber-physical systems: Application to intelligent transportation systems","volume":"25","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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