{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T14:27:43Z","timestamp":1781533663909,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Outstanding Young Scientists Program of Beijing Higher Education Institutions","award":["BJJWZYJH01201910006021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BJJWZYJH01201910006021"]}]},{"name":"Basic Strengthening Plan","award":["2019-JCJQ-ZD-120-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-JCJQ-ZD-120-13"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Project of Henan Province","award":["202102210081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102210081"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Project of Henan Province","award":["212102210050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["212102210050"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Project of Henan Province","award":["252102221010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252102221010"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Project of Henan Province","award":["252102220084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252102220084"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013066","name":"Key Scientific Research Project of Colleges and Universities in Henan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25A460010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25A460010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Basic Scientific Research Operating Expenses of Colleges and Universities in Henan Province","award":["NSFRF2502055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSFRF2502055"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003488","name":"Henan Polytechnic University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["B2024-42"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B2024-42"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["B2024-42"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B2024-42"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05vr1c885","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"general higher education in Henan Province","award":["2024XBJC09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024XBJC09"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004761","name":"Henan Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["262300421351"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["262300421351"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004761","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As the core technology for realizing autonomous navigation of unmanned ground vehicles, the path planning algorithm directly determines the reliability and stability of navigation tasks in complex dynamic environments. With the expanding range of application scenarios, traditional path planning approaches have become increasingly inadequate in terms of real-time performance, dynamic obstacle avoidance, and multi-objective optimization. The recent rise in AI-based methods has provided new opportunities for this field. This paper systematically analyzes the latest research progress in this area. By reviewing and analyzing the highly recognized literature in recent years, we classify mainstream path planning and related algorithms into six types: graph-search-based, sampling-based, local optimization-based, meta-heuristic optimization, AI-based, and optimal control methods. The core improvement trends, advantages, and inherent limitations of each algorithm type are deeply analyzed. Through bibliometric analysis, we identify major gaps in current research, including over-reliance on simulation methods, overly restrictive environmental assumptions, and insufficient handling of multiple objectives. Finally, we point out the critical gap between simulation environments and real-world deployment and advocate the use of hybrid algorithms to address the deficiencies of single algorithms, along with effective validation in real environments. This direction is crucial for promoting the broader practical application of unmanned ground vehicle technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a19060439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T11:25:31Z","timestamp":1780399531000},"page":"439","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unmanned Ground Vehicle Path Planning Algorithms: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Qiji","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5633-6951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maolin","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pingyuan Filter Co., Ltd., Xinxiang 453700, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3273-0718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chong","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117999","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3579863","article-title":"Autonomous Mobile Robot Path Planning Techniques\u2014A Review: Classical and Heuristic Techniques","volume":"13","author":"Kabir","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.23919\/JSEE.2023.000051","article-title":"A Review of Mobile Robot Motion Planning Methods: From Classical Motion Planning Workflows to Reinforcement Learning-Based Architectures","volume":"34","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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