{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T18:05:11Z","timestamp":1780596311580,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we present an integrated surrogate-assisted multi-objective optimization for an energy management system, ensuring physical feasibility with real system constraints. The hybrid framework incorporates knee-guided selective physical replay and a stochastic survival strategy to maintain both convergence and diversity of the search process. The method is used to evaluate grid-forming and grid-following modes using the OPAL-RT and Lucas-N\u00fclle platforms in three different stages to address the technical and economic performance, and the reliability of the system. The proposed method reduces 116 generated surrogate candidates to 7 physically feasible non-dominated solutions based on physical replay. In the direct evaluation stage without replay, the system achieves high renewable utilization (PV \u2248 97%), reliable load coverage (&gt;99%), and minimal supply\u2013demand mismatch (\u22481 W), supported by controlled battery usage. In the extended EMS evaluation, the proposed method reduces the number of true evaluations from approximately 54,600 to 16,895 (\u224869% reduction) while maintaining stable performance. Despite the reduction in the number of evaluations, the method preserves stable convergence behavior and a consistent Pareto spread (\u22480.0124). Statistical tests, such as Wilcoxon (p\u22481.9\u00d710\u22126) and Friedman (p\u22482.9\u00d710\u22127), show a significant difference and consistent performance across runs. This demonstrates the framework\u2019s ability to provide a compact, decision-relevant set of feasible operating solutions under real system constraints and its practical applicability to real-world EMS decision making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a19060454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T17:11:04Z","timestamp":1780593064000},"page":"454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Experimental Evaluation of Microgrid Energy Management Using Surrogate-Assisted Optimization on PHIL and Smart Grid Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2038-2643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saiful","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"School of Technology and Architecture, SRH University of Applied Sciences, 12059 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9917-5227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanaz","family":"Mostaghim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany"},{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Transportation and Infrastructure Systems IVI, 01069 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8743-0278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Technology and Architecture, SRH University of Applied Sciences, 12059 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Syahril, M., Roslan, M.A., and Ismail, B. 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