{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:39:44Z","timestamp":1760243984225,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,10]],"date-time":"2009-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1234224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The proposed Autonomous Stress Indicator (ASI) is a device that monitors the contents of the protection relays on a suspect weak power system bus and generates a performance level related to the degree of system performance degradation or instability. This gives the system operators some time (minutes) to take corrective action. In a given operating area there would not likely be a need for an ASI on every bus. Note that the ASI does not trip any breakers; it is an INFORMATION ONLY device. An important feature is that the system operator can subsequently interrogate the ASI to determine the factor(s) that led to the performance level that has been initially annunciated, thereby leading to a course of action. This paper traces the development of the ASI which is an ongoing project. The ASI could be also described as a stress-alert device whose function is to alert the System Operator of a stressful condition at its location. The characteristics (or essential qualities) of this device are autonomy, selectivity, accuracy and intelligence. These will fulfill the requirements of the recommendation of the Canada \u2013US Task Force in the August 2003 system collapse. Preliminary tests on the IEEE 39-bus model indicate that the concept has merit and development work is in progress. While the ASI can be applied to all power system operating conditions, its principal application is to the degraded state of the system where the System Operator must act to restore the system to the secure state before it migrates to a stage of collapse. The work of ASI actually begins with the Areas of Vulnerability and ends with the Predictive Module as described in detail in this paper. An application example of a degraded system using the IEEE 39-bus system is included.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a2010183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,11]],"date-time":"2009-02-11T13:17:26Z","timestamp":1234358246000},"page":"183-199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Autonomous Stress Indicator for Remotely Monitoring Power System State and Watching for Potential Instability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Donald","family":"McGillis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Power Engineering Research Laboratory, McGill University, Canada"}]},{"given":"Reginald","family":"Brearley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Power Engineering Research Laboratory, McGill University, Canada"}]},{"given":"Khalil","family":"El Arroudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Power Engineering Research Laboratory, McGill University, Canada"}]},{"given":"Geza","family":"Joos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Power Engineering Research Laboratory, McGill University, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Report of the Joint United-States \u2013 Canada Task Force on the August 14, 2003 blackout."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fink, H. L., and Carlson, K. (1978). Operating under Stress and Strain. IEEE Spectrum, 48\u201353.","DOI":"10.1109\/MSPEC.1978.6369445"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"McGillis, D., El-Arroudi, K., Brearley, R., and Joos, G. (, January July). The Process of System Collapse Based on Areas of Vulnerability. IEEE \u2013 LESCOPE, Halifax."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Naggar, R., Laurin, D., and McGillis, D. (, January November). Transmission System Security Analysis for the Choice of Design Criteria. Sixth CEPSI Conference, Jakarta."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"McGillis, D., El-Arroudi, K., Brearley, R., and Joos, G. (, January April). Areas of Vulnerability in an Environment of Uncertainty. IEEE \u2013 CCECE, Vancouver."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"The Equipment Reliability Information System Canadian Electricity Association \u201cForced \u2013 Outage Performance of Transmission Equipment for the Period of January 1, 1994 to December 31, 1998."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Dupas, H., and McGillis, D. (, January September). The Forced \u2013 Outage Unavailability of Large Static Compensators. IEE Conference on AC and DC Transmission, London."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Baril, G. A., McGillis, D., and Jolicoeur, A. (, January November). Reliability Performance of 735 kV Power Transformers. CIGRE Symposium, Montreal."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"El-Arroudi, K., Joos, G., McGillis, D., and Brearley, R. (, January June). Severity Index for Estimating the Impact of Wind Generation on System Vulnerability. IEEE Power Engineering Society, Tampa Bay."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2002). NERC\/WECC Planning Standards."}],"container-title":["Algorithms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4893\/2\/1\/183\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:09:48Z","timestamp":1760220588000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4893\/2\/1\/183"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,10]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]}},"alternative-id":["a2010183"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/a2010183","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4893"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-4893"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,10]]}}}