{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:39:55Z","timestamp":1760243995587,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,30]],"date-time":"2009-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1241049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An image tracking algorithm, which was originally used with the particle image velocimetry (PIV) to determine velocities of buoyant solid particles in water, is modified and applied in the presented work to detect motion of fire ant on a planar surface. A group of fire ant workers are put to the bottom of a tub and excited with vibration of selected frequency and intensity. The moving fire ants are captured with an image system that successively acquires image frames of high digital resolution. The background noise in the imaging recordings is extracted by averaging hundreds of frames and removed from each frame. The individual fire ant images are identified with a recursive digital filter, and then they are tracked between frames according to the size, brightness, shape, and orientation angle of the ant image. The speed of an individual ant is determined with the displacement of its images and the time interval between frames. The trail of the individual fire ant is determined with the image tracking results, and a statistical analysis is conducted for all the fire ants in the group. The purpose of the experiment is to investigate the response of fire ants to the substrate vibration. Test results indicate that the fire ants move faster after being excited, but the number of active ones are not increased even after a strong excitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a2020735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,30]],"date-time":"2009-04-30T10:20:38Z","timestamp":1241086838000},"page":"735-749","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Application of an Image Tracking Algorithm in Fire Ant Motion Experiment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Lichuan","family":"Gui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Physical Acoustics (NCPA), University of Mississippi, 1 Coliseum Drive, University, MS 38677, USA"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Seiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Physical Acoustics (NCPA), University of Mississippi, 1 Coliseum Drive, University, MS 38677, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1006\/bcon.2000.0843","article-title":"Host Specificity and Risk Assessment of Releasing the Decapitating Fly (Pseudacteon curvatus) as a Classical Biocontrol Agent for Imported Fire Ants","volume":"19","author":"Porter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biological Control"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Vogt, J.T. 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Fluids"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01893303","article-title":"A new two-frame particle tracking algorithm using match probability","volume":"22","author":"Baek","year":"1996","journal-title":"Exp. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s003480050038","article-title":"A hybrid digital particle tracking velocimetry technique","volume":"22","author":"Cowen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Gui, L., Hilgers, S., Karthaus, A., and Merzkirch, W. (1996, January Sept.). Ermittlung der Geschwindigkeits-verteilung von Feststoffpartikeln in einer Mehrphasenstr\u00f6mung mit Hilfe der Particle Image Velocimetry. 5. Fachtagung von \u201cLasermethoden in der Str\u00f6mungstechnik\u201d, Berlin."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Gui, L. (1998). Methodische Untersuchungen zur Auswertung von Aufnahmen der digitalen Particle Image Velocimetry. [Dissertation, Universit\u00e4t Essen, Shaker Verlag]."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"333","article-title":"Evaluation of low image density PIV recordings with the MQD method and application to the flow in a liquid bridge","volume":"4","author":"Gui","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Flow Visualization and Image Processing"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Mwangi, E., Hasse, R., Lago, P., and Buchholz, R. (2003, January July). Vibrational sensitivity of tethered Black Imported Fire Ants (Solenopsis richteri Forel). International Conference on Acoustic Communication by Animals, Maryland."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Khoo, L.M., Hasse, R., and Mantena, P.R. (2003, January April). Structural dynamic analysis of phorid fly rearing tanks. ASME Region XI Technical Conference, Miami, Florida."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raffel, M., Willert, C.E., Wereley, S.T., and Kompenhans, J. (2007). Particle Image Velocimetry - Practical Guide, Springer-Verlag. [2nd Ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-72308-0"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/11\/6\/311","article-title":"Standard images for particle-image velocimetry","volume":"11","author":"Okamoto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Algorithms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4893\/2\/2\/735\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:10:20Z","timestamp":1760220620000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4893\/2\/2\/735"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,30]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]}},"alternative-id":["a2020735"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/a2020735","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4893"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-4893"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,30]]}}}