{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T10:21:59Z","timestamp":1780568519607,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,30]],"date-time":"2011-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1314662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The European Space Agency (ESA) successfully launched the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission in November 2, 2009. SMOS uses a new type of instrument, a synthetic aperture radiometer named MIRAS that provides full-polarimetric multi-angular L-band brightness temperatures, from which regular and global maps of Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) and Soil Moisture (SM) are generated. Although SMOS operates in a restricted band (1400\u20131427 MHz), radio-frequency interference (RFI) appears in SMOS imagery in many areas of the world, and it is an important issue to be addressed for quality SSS and SM retrievals. The impact on SMOS imagery of a sinusoidal RFI source is reviewed, and the problem is illustrated with actual RFI encountered by SMOS. Two RFI detection and mitigation algorithms are developed (dual-polarization and full-polarimetric modes), the performance of the second one has been quantitatively evaluated in terms of probability of detection and false alarm (using a synthetic test scene), and results presented using real dual-polarization and full-polarimetric SMOS imagery. Finally, a statistical analysis of more than 13,000 L1b snap-shots is presented and discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a4030155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,30]],"date-time":"2011-08-30T10:37:29Z","timestamp":1314700649000},"page":"155-182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Radio-Frequency Interference Detection and Mitigation Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radiometers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9514-4992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriano","family":"Camps","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Lab, Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, IEEC CRAE\/UPC, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerome","family":"Gourrion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SMOS Barcelona Expert Center, Institut de Ciencies del Mar, CMIMA\u2013CSIC, Department of Physical Oceanography, Passeig Maritim, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose Miguel","family":"Tarongi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Lab, Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, IEEC CRAE\/UPC, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mercedes","family":"Vall Llossera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Lab, Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, IEEC CRAE\/UPC, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DEIMOS ENGENHARIA, Av. D. Joao II, Lote 1.17, Torre Zen, 10\u00b0, 1998-023 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DEIMOS ENGENHARIA, Av. D. Joao II, Lote 1.17, Torre Zen, 10\u00b0, 1998-023 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DEIMOS ENGENHARIA, Av. D. Joao II, Lote 1.17, Torre Zen, 10\u00b0, 1998-023 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2010.2043032","article-title":"The SMOS mission: New tool for monitoring key elements of the globalwater cycle","volume":"98","author":"Kerr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2009.2033096","article-title":"SMOS: The challenging sea surface salinity measurement from space","volume":"98","author":"Font","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/eopi.esa.int\/ (accessed on 12 August 2011)."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.esa.int\/esaMI\/smos\/SEMDGULX82G_0.html (accessed 10 December 2010)."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Richaume, P. News from the L1PP team on RFI!. Available online: http:\/\/www.cesbio.ups-tlse.fr\/SMOS_blog\/?p=632 (accessed 10 December 2010)."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Barbosa, J., Guti\u00e9rrez, A., Castro, R., and Freitas, S. SMOS L1 Processor Prototype Phase 5, SODAP Activities. DEIMOS presentation at ESAC. Available online: http:\/\/earth.esa.int\/download\/smos\/SODAP_L1PP_Report_summary_9-12-2009.pdf (accessed on 12 August 2011)."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1109\/36.841976","article-title":"RF interference analysis in aperture synthesis interferometric radiometers: Application to L-band MIRAS instrument","volume":"38","author":"Camps","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.907603","article-title":"Improved image reconstruction algorithms for aperture synthesis radiometers","volume":"46","author":"Camps","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Radio-electric spectrum allocation notes. 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Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2004.826561","article-title":"Sun Effects in 2D Aperture Synthesis Radiometry Imaging and Their Cancellation","volume":"42","author":"Camps","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.2528\/PIER97041500","article-title":"Extension of the CLEAN technique to the microwave imaging of continuous thermal sources by means of aperture synthesis radiometers","volume":"18","author":"Camps","year":"1998","journal-title":"Prog. Electromagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Criminisi, A., Perez, P., and Toyama, K. (2003, January 16\u201322). Object Removal by Exemplar-Based Inpainting. Madison, WI, USA. Volume 2.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2003.1211538"}],"container-title":["Algorithms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4893\/4\/3\/155\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:57:14Z","timestamp":1760219834000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4893\/4\/3\/155"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,30]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]}},"alternative-id":["a4030155"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/a4030155","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4893"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4893","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,30]]}}}