{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:40:45Z","timestamp":1760218845361,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,18]],"date-time":"2014-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1408320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In a dynamic spectrum access network, when a primary user (licensed user) reappears on the current channel, cognitive radios (CRs) need to vacate the channel and reestablish a communications link on some other channel to avoid interference to primary users, resulting in spectrum handoff. This paper studies the problem of designing target channel visiting order for spectrum handoff to minimize expected spectrum handoff delay. A particle swarm optimization (PSO) based algorithm is proposed to solve the problem. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm performs far better than random target channel visiting scheme. The solutions obtained by PSO are very close to the optimal solution which further validates the effectiveness of the proposed method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a7030418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,18]],"date-time":"2014-08-18T11:17:36Z","timestamp":1408360656000},"page":"418-428","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Target Channel Visiting Order Design Using Particle Swarm Optimization for Spectrum Handoff in Cognitive Radio Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Shilian","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Communication Information Security Control Laboratory, Jiaxing 314033, China"},{"name":"School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhijin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Telecommunications Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changlin","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanhu School, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoniu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Communication Information Security Control Laboratory, Jiaxing 314033, China"},{"name":"School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Federal Communications Commissions (2002). 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