{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T09:48:21Z","timestamp":1772012901750,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,10]],"date-time":"2014-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1410307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>At the center of the macula, fovea plays an important role in computer-aided diagnosis. To locate the fovea, this paper proposes a vessel origin (VO)-based parabolic model, which takes the VO as the vertex of the parabola-like vasculature. Image processing steps are applied to accurately locate the fovea on retinal images. Firstly, morphological gradient and the circular Hough transform are used to find the optic disc. The structure of the vessel is then segmented with the line detector. Based on the characteristics of the VO, four features of VO are extracted, following the Bayesian classification procedure. Once the VO is identified, the VO-based parabolic model will locate the fovea. To find the fittest parabola and the symmetry axis of the retinal vessel, an Shift and Rotation (SR)-Hough transform that combines the Hough transform with the shift and rotation of coordinates is presented. Two public databases of retinal images, DRIVE and STARE, are used to evaluate the proposed method. The experiment results show that the average Euclidean distances between the located fovea and the fovea marked by experts in two databases are 9.8 pixels and 30.7 pixels, respectively. The results are stronger than other methods and thus provide a better macular detection for further disease discovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a7030456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,11]],"date-time":"2014-09-11T02:22:24Z","timestamp":1410402144000},"page":"456-470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Fovea Localization Scheme Using Vessel Origin-Based Parabolic Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Chun-Yuan","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digital Living Innovation, Nan Kai University of Technology, 568, Chung-Cheng Rd., TsaoTun 542, Nantou County, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Chung-Hsing University, 250,  Kuo-Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen-Chung","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, 35, Lane 215, Sec. 1, Chung-Shan Rd., Taiping, Taichung 411, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shyr-Shen","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Chung-Hsing University, 250,  Kuo-Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2013.06.002","article-title":"Locating the Fovea Center Position in Digital Fundus Images Using Thresholding and Feature Extraction Techniques","volume":"37","author":"Marin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. 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Methods Programs Biomed."}],"container-title":["Algorithms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4893\/7\/3\/456\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:15:46Z","timestamp":1760217346000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4893\/7\/3\/456"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,10]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]}},"alternative-id":["a7030456"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/a7030456","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4893"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4893","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,10]]}}}