{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:17:07Z","timestamp":1760217427559,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,9]],"date-time":"2015-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1423440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image segmentation usually involves two  crucial issues: suitable speckle noise removing technique and effective image segmentation methodology. Here, an efficient SAR image segmentation method considering both of the two aspects is presented. As for the first issue, the famous nonlocal mean (NLM) filter  is introduced in this study to suppress the multiplicative speckle noise in SAR image. Furthermore, to achieve a higher denoising accuracy, the local neighboring pixels in the searching window are projected into a lower dimensional subspace by principal component analysis (PCA). Thus, the nonlocal mean filter is implemented in the subspace. Afterwards, a multi-objective clustering algorithm is proposed using the principals of artificial immune system (AIS) and kernel-induced distance measures. The multi-objective clustering has  been shown to discover the data distribution with different characteristics and the kernel methods can improve its robustness to noise and outliers. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed method is able to partition the SAR image robustly and accurately than the conventional approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a8010032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,9]],"date-time":"2015-02-09T10:17:04Z","timestamp":1423477024000},"page":"32-45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An Efficient SAR Image Segmentation Framework Using Transformed Nonlocal Mean and Multi-Objective Clustering in Kernel Space"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Dongdong","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Intelligent  Computing and Image Processing, Mail box 666, No. 5 South JinHua Road, Xi'an University of Technology, China, Xi'an 710048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fourth Engineering Design and Research Institute of Engineer Corps, China PLA General Political Department, Beijing 100850, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Fei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Intelligent  Computing and Image Processing, Mail box 666, No. 5 South JinHua Road, Xi'an University of Technology, China, Xi'an 710048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Oliver, C., and Quegan, S. 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