{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:25:35Z","timestamp":1760243135899,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,9]],"date-time":"2015-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1444348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spread Spectrum (SPSP) Communication is the theoretical basis of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) transceiver technology. Spreading code, modulation, demodulation, carrier synchronization and code synchronization in SPSP communications are the core parts of DSSS transceivers. This paper focuses on the code synchronization problem in SPSP communications. A novel code synchronization algorithm based on segment correlation is proposed. The proposed algorithm can effectively deal with the informational misjudgment caused by the unreasonable data acquisition times. This misjudgment may lead to an inability of DSSS receivers to restore transmitted signals. Simulation results show the feasibility of a DSSS transceiver design based on the proposed code synchronization algorithm. Finally, the communication functions of the DSSS transceiver based on the proposed code synchronization algorithm are implemented on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a8040870","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,9]],"date-time":"2015-10-09T11:37:33Z","timestamp":1444390653000},"page":"870-894","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Code Synchronization Algorithm Based on Segment Correlation in Spread Spectrum Communication"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Aohan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150800, China"}]},{"given":"Ziheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150800, China"}]},{"given":"Renji","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150800, China"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150800, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6921-7369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangjie","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communication System, Hohai University,  Changzhou 213022, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Zhou, X., Li, J., and Gou, Y. (2000, January 21\u201325). Software radio technology in spread spectrum communications. Proceedings of the International Conference on Communication Technology Proceedings, Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"2332","article-title":"The research status survey of software radio","volume":"19","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Meas. Control"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Jiang, L. (2009). Software Radio System Research of PCI Bus. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics]."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Ma, J. (2010). Research and Implementation of GMSK Modulation and Demodulation in Software Radio. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Dalian Maritime University]."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Ma, L. (2010). Research on Pseudo-Code Synchronization Technology of DSSS. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Central South Unicersity]."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2011.120511.110306","article-title":"Accurate derivation of chaos-based acquisition performance in a fading channel","volume":"11","author":"Vali","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2008.10.023","article-title":"Robust synchronization for asynchronous multi-user chaos-based DS-CDMA","volume":"89","author":"Kaddoum","year":"2009","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218127413500193","article-title":"Spread spectrum communication system with sequence synchronization unit using chaotic symbolic dynamics modulation","volume":"23","author":"Kaddoum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Bifurc. Chaos"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"524","article-title":"Implementation of coding and modulation of an mary orthogonal spread spectrum system","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Xidian Univ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, H., Yan, L., and Zhao, C. (2011, January 20\u201323). Design of a Spread Spectrum Communication System Based on DSP. Proceedings of the International Conference on Cyber Technology in Automation Control and Intelligent Systems, Yunnan, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CYBER.2011.6011755"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Gunnam, K. (2005, January 19\u201323). New optimizations for carrier synchronization in single carrier system. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics speech and Signal Processing, Philadelphia, PA, USA."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Stephen, G.W. (1998). Digital Modulation and Coding, Publishing House of Electronics Industry."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Bai, Y. (2012). Research and FPGA implementation of SDR digital receiver carrier synchronization system. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Heilongjiang University]."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"57","article-title":"Research on carrier recover algorithm in digital receiver","volume":"23","author":"Yuan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Harbin Eng. Univ."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"20","article-title":"Practical costas loop design","volume":"6","author":"Feigin","year":"2002","journal-title":"RF Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"627","article-title":"An optimum phase reference detector for fully modulated phase shift keyed signals","volume":"5","author":"Stephen","year":"1969","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"101","article-title":"The behavior of costas loop in the presence of space telemetry signals","volume":"40","author":"Tien","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Jeong, Y.G., Kim, J.S., and Kim, M.J. (1996, January 6\u20139). Implementation of code tracking loop for PCS system. Proceedings of the IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Yang, Y.S., Lee, S.H., Yoon, S.S., and Park, H.R. (2003, January 7\u201310). Design and performance analysis of a nonconherent code tracking loop with variable loop bandwidth. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"390","article-title":"Design and implementation based on the digital function signal generator of DDS and FPGA","volume":"32","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. East China Univ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"20","article-title":"A new signal processing modem based on software radio","volume":"14","author":"Jiang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Electron."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1109\/26.135716","article-title":"Lock detection in costas loops","volume":"40","author":"Mileant","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2006.1611058","article-title":"A self-normalizing symbol synchronization lock detector for QPSK and BPSK","volume":"5","author":"Lin","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Lv, X. (2004). Design of Wireless Communication System. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Changchun University of Science and Technology]."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"347","article-title":"Design and FPGA implementation of SPSP synchronization system based on sliding correlation method","volume":"5","author":"Zheng","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Heilongjiang Univ. Eng."}],"container-title":["Algorithms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4893\/8\/4\/870\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:49:48Z","timestamp":1760215788000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4893\/8\/4\/870"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,9]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["a8040870"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/a8040870","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4893"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-4893"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,9]]}}}