{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:25:38Z","timestamp":1760243138872,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,3]],"date-time":"2015-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61172159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61172159"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HEUCFT1101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HEUCFT1101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we address the problem of detecting and tracking targets with a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by exploiting hybrid differential evolution (HDE) in the particle filter track-before-detect (PF-TBD) context. Firstly, we introduce the Bayesian  PF-TBD method and its weaknesses. Secondly, the HDE algorithm is regarded as a novel particle updating strategy, which is proposed to optimize the performance of the PF-TBD algorithm. Thirdly, we combine the systematic resampling approach to enhance the performance of the proposed algorithm. Then, an improved PF-TBD algorithm based on the HDE method is proposed. Experiment results indicate that the proposed method has better performance in detecting and tracking than previous algorithms when the targets have a  low SNR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a8040965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,3]],"date-time":"2015-11-03T11:17:07Z","timestamp":1446549427000},"page":"965-981","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Particle Filter Track-Before-Detect Algorithm Based on Hybrid Differential Evolution"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Chaozhu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University,  Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University,  Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University,  Harbin 150001, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"374","article-title":"Track-before-detect methods in tracking low-observable targets: A survey","volume":"54","author":"Hadzagic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sens. 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Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-rsn:20040841","article-title":"Multitarget particle filter track before detect application","volume":"151","author":"Boers","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEE Proc. Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lepouter, A., and Rabaste, O. (2012, January 4\u20136). A Particle Filter for Target Arrival Detection and Tracking in Track-Before-Detect. Proceedings of the Workshop on Sensor Data Fusion: Trends, Solutions, Applications (SDF\u201912), Bonn, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/SDF.2012.6327901"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-spr.2013.0117","article-title":"Track-before-detect method based on cost-reference particle filter in non-linear dynamic systems with unknown statistics","volume":"8","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IET Signal. Process."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1989","article-title":"Study of hybrid differential evolution based on simulated annealing","volume":"28","author":"Hu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput. Eng. Des."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1133","article-title":"Hybrid differential evolution particle filter for nonlinear filtering","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Comput. Electromagn. Soc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Douc, R., and Cappe, O. (2005, January 15\u201317). Comparison of Resampling Schemes for Particle Filtering. 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