{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T10:54:38Z","timestamp":1781175278982,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,9]],"date-time":"2016-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1465430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Algorithms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type-2 fuzzy logic controllers (T2 FLC) can be viewed as an emerging class of intelligent controllers because of their abilities in handling uncertainties; in many cases, they have been shown to outperform their Type-1 counterparts. This paper presents a literature review on recent applications of T2 FLCs. To follow the developments in this field, we first review general T2 FLCs and the most well-known interval T2 FLS algorithms that have been used for control design. Certain applications of these controllers include robotic control, bandwidth control, industrial systems control, electrical control and aircraft control. The most promising applications are found in the robotics and automotive areas, where T2 FLCs have been demonstrated and proven to perform better than traditional controllers. With the development of enhanced algorithms, along with the advancement in both hardware and software, we shall witness increasing applications of these frontier controllers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/a9020039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,9]],"date-time":"2016-06-09T12:38:18Z","timestamp":1465475898000},"page":"39","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Review of Recent Type-2 Fuzzy Controller Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Kevin","family":"Tai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul-Rahman","family":"El-Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Biglarbegian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tijuana Institute of Technology, Calzada Del Tecnol\u00f3gico S\/N, Fraccionamiento Tomas Aquino, Tijuana 22414, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tijuana Institute of Technology, Calzada Del Tecnol\u00f3gico S\/N, Fraccionamiento Tomas Aquino, Tijuana 22414, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shohel","family":"Mahmud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S0019-9958(65)90241-X","article-title":"Fuzzy Sets","volume":"8","author":"Zadeh","year":"1965","journal-title":"Inf. Control"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19750476","article-title":"Prescriptive method for deriving control policy in a fuzzy-logic controller","volume":"11","author":"Mamdani","year":"1975","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zamani, M., Nejati, H., Jahromi, A.T., Partovi, A.R., Nobari, S.H., and Shirazi, G.N. (2008, January 15\u201320). Toolbox for Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Systems. Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Information Sciences, Shenzhen, China.","DOI":"10.2991\/jcis.2008.2"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1109\/91.873577","article-title":"Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Systems: Theory and Design","volume":"8","author":"Liang","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(81)80051-X","article-title":"The IF THEN ELSE statement and interval-valued fuzzy sets of higher type","volume":"15","author":"Hisdal","year":"1981","journal-title":"Int. J. Man-Mach. Stud."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2006.879986","article-title":"Interval Type-2 Fuzzy logic Systems Made Simple","volume":"14","author":"Mendel","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2010.11.003","article-title":"On the robustness of Type-1 and Interval Type-2 fuzzy logic systems in modeling","volume":"181","author":"Biglarbegian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"73","article-title":"Fuzzy Controller: Choosing an Appropriate and Smallest Rule Set","volume":"3","author":"Chopra","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2013.2286414","article-title":"General Type-2 fuzzy logic systems made simple: A tutorial","volume":"22","author":"Mendel","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1109\/91.811231","article-title":"Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Systems","volume":"7","author":"Karnik","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2015.03.022","article-title":"Hardware implementation and performance comparison of interval Type-2 fuzzy logic controllers for real-time applications","volume":"32","author":"Schrieber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2014.04.031","article-title":"On type-reduction of Type-2 fuzzy sets: A review","volume":"27","author":"Torshizi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(01)00069-X","article-title":"Centroid of a Type-2 fuzzy set","volume":"132","author":"Karnik","year":"2001","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Mendel, J.M. (2001). Rule-Based Fuzzy Logic Systems: Introduction and New Directions, Prentice-Hall."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijar.2013.04.013","article-title":"Accuracy and complexity evaluation of defuzzification strategies for the discretised interval Type-2 fuzzy set","volume":"54","author":"Greenfield","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Approx. Reason."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, D., and Nie, M. (2011, January 27\u201330). Comparison and Practical Implementation of Type-Reduction Algorithms for Type-2 Fuzzy Sets and Systems. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems, Taipei, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/FUZZY.2011.6007317"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2007.896229","article-title":"Aggregation Using the Fuzzy Weighted Average as Computed by the Karnik-Mendel Algorithms","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodurka, M.F., Kumbasar, T., Sakalli, A., and Yesil, E. (2014, January 6\u201311). Boundary Function based Karnik-Mendel type Reduction Method for Interval Type-2 Fuzzy PID Controllers. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/FUZZ-IEEE.2014.6891832"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2008.924329","article-title":"Enhanced Karnik-Mendel Algorithms","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melgarejo, M.A., and Duran, L.K. (2010, January 18\u201323). A Hardware Architecture Proposal for the Enhanced Karnik Mendel Algorithm Based on Sequential Arithmetic Operators. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/FUZZY.2010.5584370"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"20","article-title":"Type-2 Fuzzy Sets and Systems: An Overview","volume":"2","author":"Mendel","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Comput. Intell."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2002.803496","article-title":"Uncertainity bounds and their use in the design of interval Type-2 fuzzy logic systems","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2009.2029986","article-title":"On the Stability of Interval Type-2 TSK Fuzzy Logic Control Systems","volume":"40","author":"Biglarbegian","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biglarbegian, M. (2012, January 27\u201329). On the design of robust intelligent controllers with application to mobile robot tracking. Proceedings of the American Control Conference, Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACC.2012.6314639"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Nie, M., and Tan, W.W. (2008, January 1\u20136). Toward an efficient type-reduction method for interval Type-2 fuzzy logic systems. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems, Hong Kong, China."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2013.2241771","article-title":"Simplified Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Systems","volume":"21","author":"Mendel","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2006.889764","article-title":"Geometric Type-1 and Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Systems","volume":"15","author":"Coupland","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2012.2201728","article-title":"Approaches for Reducing the Computational Cost of Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Systems: Overview and Comparisons","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2013.12.007","article-title":"Effects of type reduction algorithms on forecasting accuracy of IT2FLS models","volume":"17","author":"Khosravi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2008.07.011","article-title":"The collapsing method of defuzzification for discretised interval Type-2 fuzzy sets","volume":"179","author":"Greenfield","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2010.2049022","article-title":"Derivation and Analysis of the Analytical Structures of the Interval Type-2 Fuzzy-PI and PD Controllers","volume":"18","author":"Du","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fss.2012.02.015","article-title":"Simplified Type-2 fuzzy sliding controller for wing rock system","volume":"207","author":"Tao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fuzzy Sets Syst."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., Yi, J., and Zhao, D. (2008, January 18\u201320). A Novel Type-Reduction Method for Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Systems. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery, Jinan, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/FSKD.2008.173"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2014.03.018","article-title":"Hierarchical collapsing method for direct defuzzification of general Type-2 fuzzy sets","volume":"277","author":"Torshizi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melgarejo, M. (2007, January 24\u201327). A Fast Recursive Method to Compute the Generalized Centroid of an Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Set. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the North American Fuzzy Information Processing Society, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/NAFIPS.2007.383835"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2016.03.023","article-title":"Optimal design of adaptive Type-2 neuro-fuzzy systems: A review","volume":"44","author":"Hassan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2004.832538","article-title":"A Hierarchical Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Control Architecture for Autonomous Mobile Robots","volume":"12","author":"Hagras","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2010.2049718","article-title":"Design of Novel Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Controllers for Modular and Reconfigurable Robots: Theory and Experiments","volume":"58","author":"Biglarbegian","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2007.900649","article-title":"A Type-2 Fuzzy Switching Control System for Biped Robots","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part C (Appl. Rev.)"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3931","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2009.2017557","article-title":"Reinforcement Ant Optimized Fuzzy Controller for Mobile-Robot Wall-Following Control","volume":"56","author":"Juang","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2014.06.005","article-title":"Big Bang\u2014Big Crunch optimization based interval Type-2 fuzzy PID cascade controller design strategy","volume":"282","author":"Kumbasar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2015.2388758","article-title":"Feedback error learning control of magnetic satellites using Type-2 fuzzy neural networks with elliptic membership functions","volume":"45","author":"Khanesar","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cybern."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-007-9185-2","article-title":"Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Control of a Flexible-Joint Manipulator","volume":"51","author":"Chaoui","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Intell. Robot. Syst."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-cta.2010.0703","article-title":"Supervisory adaptive tracking control of robot manipulators using interval Type-2 TSK fuzzy logic system","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"IET Control Theory Appl."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allawi, Z.T., and Abdalla, T.Y. (2014, January 2\u20135). A PSO-Optimized Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Controller for Navigation of Multiple Mobile Robots. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Methods and Models in Automation and Robotics (MMAR), Miedzyzdroje, Poland.","DOI":"10.1109\/MMAR.2014.6957321"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Ant Colony and Particle Swarm Optimization Techniques","volume":"5","author":"Selvi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"88","article-title":"Intelligent Control of an Autonomous Mobile Robot using Type-2 Fuzzy Logic","volume":"13","author":"Astudillo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eng. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valdez, F., Melin, P., and Castillo, O. (2010, January 18\u201323). Fuzzy Control of Parameters to Dynamically Adapt the PSO and GA Algorithms. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/FUZZY.2010.5583934"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez, R., Rodriguez, A., Castillo, O., and Aguilar, L.T. (2010, January 14\u201316). Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Controllers Optimization using Genetic Algorithms and Particle Swarm Optimization. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Granular Computing, San Jose, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GrC.2010.43"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2014.07.012","article-title":"Type-1 and Type-2 fuzzy logic controller design using a Hybrid PSO-GA optimization method","volume":"285","author":"Castillo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2014.12.002","article-title":"A new approach for dynamic fuzzy logic parameter tuning in Ant Colony Optimization and its application in fuzzy control of mobile robot","volume":"28","author":"Castillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammadi, S.M., Gharaveisi, A.A., and Machinchi, M. (2010, January 11\u201313). An Evolutionary Tuning Technique for Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Controller in a Non-linear System Under Uncertainty. Proceedings of the Electrical Engineering (ICEE), Isfahan, Iran.","DOI":"10.1109\/IRANIANCEE.2010.5506999"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2014.06.015","article-title":"Optimal design of interval type 2 fuzzy controllers based on a simple tuning algorithm","volume":"23","author":"Castillo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammadi, S.M., Gharaveisi, A., Mashinchi, M., and Vaezi-Nejad, S. (2008, January 2\u20134). Development of a novel reinforcement learning automata method for optimum design of proportional integral deviation controller for nonlinear systems. Proceedings of the World Congress On Engineering, London, UK.","DOI":"10.3923\/ajaps.2009.275.295"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmst.2011.12.004","article-title":"Interval Type-2 fuzzy position control of electro-hydraulic actuated robotic excavator","volume":"22","author":"Hassan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2011.2166786","article-title":"Uncertainty-Robust Design of Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Controller for Delta Parallel Robot","volume":"7","author":"Linda","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2015.03.036","article-title":"A Lyapunov stable Type-2 fuzzy wavelet network controller design for a bilateral teleoperation system","volume":"311","author":"Ganjefar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2009.2023325","article-title":"Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Congestion Control for Video Streaming Across IP Networks","volume":"17","author":"Jammeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2010.3050","article-title":"Type-2 fuzzy logic control of PQoS driven adaptive VoIP scheme","volume":"46","author":"Jammeh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1049\/el:20081721","article-title":"Fuzzy logic congestion control for broadband wireless IPTV","volume":"44","author":"Jammeh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Kabranov, O., Yang, T., and Makrakis, D. (2002, January 17\u201321). Fuzzy Control pf Pricing for Bandwidth Demand in Obtainable Forwarding Service for Differentiated Services Architecture. Proceedings of the IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, Taipei, Taiwan."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2013.03.057","article-title":"Predictable Type-2 fuzzy mobile units for energy balancing in wireless sensor networks","volume":"241","author":"Own","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1179\/174328109X445624","article-title":"Modelling and control of coiling entry temperature using interval Type-2 fuzzy logic systems","volume":"37","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ironmak. Steelmak."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2014.08.052","article-title":"Finishing mill strip gage setup and control by internal Type-1 non-singleton Type-2 fuzzy logic systems","volume":"24","author":"Castillo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-epa:20070060","article-title":"An intelligent control for linear ultrasonic motor using interval Type-2 fuzzy neural network","volume":"2","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"IET Electr. Power Appl."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2011.2152815","article-title":"Noninteracting Adaptive Control of PMSM Using Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Systems","volume":"19","author":"Barkat","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2011.05.014","article-title":"Self-adaptive interval Type-2 neural fuzzy network control for PMLSM drives","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1080\/15325008.2013.871608","article-title":"Improved Torque and Flux Performance of Type-2 Fuzzy-based Direct Torque Control Induction Motor Using Space Vector Pulse-width Modulation","volume":"42","author":"Naik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Electr. Power Compon. Syst."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"385","article-title":"Type-1 and Type-2 Fuzzy Logic and Sliding-Mode Based Speed Control of Direct Torque and Flux Control Induction Motor Drives\u2014A Comparative Study","volume":"14","author":"Ramesh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Emerg. Electr. Power Syst."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2014.07.004","article-title":"Interval Type-2 fuzzy adaptive tracking control design for PMDC motor with the sector dead-zones","volume":"288","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maldonado, Y., and Castillo, O. (2012). Genetic Design of an Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Controller for Velocity Regulation in a DC motor. Int. J. Adv. Robot. Syst., 9.","DOI":"10.5772\/51188"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2014.04.041","article-title":"A multi-objective optimization of Type-2 fuzzy control speed in FPGAs","volume":"24","author":"Maldonado","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2015.03.014","article-title":"Direct inverse control of cable-driven parallel system based on Type-2 fuzzy systems","volume":"310","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2011.12.013","article-title":"A survey-based Type-2 fuzzy logic system for energy management in hybrid electrical vehicles","volume":"190","author":"John","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2012.12.008","article-title":"Experimental validation of a Type-2 fuzzy logic controller for energy management in hybrid electrical vehicles","volume":"26","author":"Mulot","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2012.01.009","article-title":"Type-2 fuzzy based adaptive synergetic power system control","volume":"88","author":"Nechadi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-gtd.2010.0035","article-title":"Interval Type-2-based thyristor controlled series capacitor to improve power system stability","volume":"5","author":"Tripathy","year":"2011","journal-title":"IET Gener. Transm. Distrib."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s11708-013-0269-3","article-title":"An interval Type-2 fuzzy logic controller for TCSC to improve the damping of power system oscillations","volume":"7","author":"Panda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Energy"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1080\/15325008.2011.629336","article-title":"Design of an Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Controller for Automatic Voltage Regulator System","volume":"40","author":"Panda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electr. Power Compon. Syst."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2010.12.027","article-title":"Robust decentralized load frequency control of interconnected power system with Generation Rate Constraint using Type-2 fuzzy approach","volume":"33","author":"Sudha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnucene.2014.10.010","article-title":"Evaluation of an FPGA-based fuzzy logic control of feed-water for ABWR under automatic power regulating","volume":"79","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Nucl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, M., Panda, M.K., Kundu, S., and Kumar, V. (2012, January 26\u201328). Designing of an Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Controller for Magnetic Levitation System with Reduced Rule base. Proceedings of the Computing Communication & Networking Technologies (ICCCNT), Coimbatore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCNT.2012.6395883"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.4316\/AECE.2013.03011","article-title":"Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Controller Based Maximum Power Point Tracking in Photovoltaic Systems","volume":"13","author":"Altin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Electr. Comput. Eng."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altin, N. (2012, January 11\u201314). Single Phase Grid Interactive PV System With MPPT Capability Based on Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Systems. Proceedings of the International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications, Nagasaki, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRERA.2012.6477335"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, T.-C., and Juang, J.-G. (2010, January 29\u201331). Application of Adaptive Type-2 Fuzzy CMAC to Automatic Landing System. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Design, Hangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCID.2010.146"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-013-1123-6","article-title":"Direct adaptive Type-2 fuzzy neural network control for a generic hypersonic flight vehicle","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1108\/IJICC-03-2012-0010","article-title":"Gain adaptive sliding mode controller based on interval type-II fuzzy neural network designed for attitude control for micro aircraft vehicle","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Intell. Comput. Cybern."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1108\/17563781111160057","article-title":"Robust control of quadrotor MAV using self-organizing interval type-II fuzzy neural networks (SOIT-IIFNNs) controller","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Intell. Comput. Cybern."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2008.10.024","article-title":"Direct adaptive interval Type-2 fuzzy control of multivariable nonlinear systems","volume":"22","author":"Lin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s11071-010-9817-0","article-title":"Adaptive interval Type-2 fuzzy sliding mode control for unknown chaotic system","volume":"63","author":"Hwang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nonlinear Dyn."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2014.02.007","article-title":"Interval Type-2 fuzzy PID controller for uncertain nonlinear inverted pendulum system","volume":"53","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISA Trans."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2009.11.007","article-title":"Observer-based robust adaptive interval Type-2 fuzzy tracking control of multivariable nonlinear systems","volume":"23","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2015.01.008","article-title":"Control design of interval Type-2 fuzzy systems with actuator fault: Sampled-data control approach","volume":"302","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Khanesar, M.A., and Kayacam, E. (2015). Fuzzy Neural Networks for Real Time Control Applications: Concepts, Modeling and Algorithms for Fast Learning, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, D. (2010, January 14\u201316). Interval Type-2 Fuzzy PI Controllers: Why They are More Robust. Proceedings of the International Conference on Granular Computing, Silicon Valley, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GrC.2010.112"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2014.04.015","article-title":"A review on interval Type-2 fuzzy logic applications in intelligent control","volume":"279","author":"Castillo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shill, P.C., Amin, M.F., Akhand, M.A.H., and Murase, K. (2012, January 10\u201315). Optimization of Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Controller Using Quantum Genetic Algorithms. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (FUZZ-IEEE), Brisbane, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/FUZZ-IEEE.2012.6251207"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagner, C., and Hagras, H. (2009, January 20\u201324). zSlices based General Type-2 FLC for the Control of Autonomous Mobile Robots in Real World Environments. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems, Jeju Island, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/FUZZY.2009.5277383"}],"container-title":["Algorithms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4893\/9\/2\/39\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:25:15Z","timestamp":1760210715000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4893\/9\/2\/39"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,9]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]}},"alternative-id":["a9020039"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/a9020039","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4893"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4893","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,9]]}}}