{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T07:24:58Z","timestamp":1766820298031,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]],"date-time":"2022-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Industrial Technology Research Institute, Taiwan","award":["211P38"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["211P38"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Axioms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, under the impact of digitization, all industries around the world have undergone unprecedented changes. Such changes have not only altered people\u2019s consumption behavior but have also forced enterprises to accelerate the pace of digitization and actively start digital transformation. In this study, a literature review and focus group interview (FGI) were used to develop the dimensions and criteria to assess enterprise digital transformation status. To illustrate the digital transformation criteria proposed in this research, the retail industry was used as an example to measure the overall digital transformation performance by data envelopment analysis (DEA). The results show that the poor technical efficiency demonstrated by a vendor was not only due to the gradually decreasing returns to scale of the market; a decline in pure technical efficiency was also a contributor. In addition to adjusting their production on the basis of market conditions, vendors should properly manage their internal operations and pay attention to their resource and scale allocations to prevent reductions in their pure technical efficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/axioms11060284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]],"date-time":"2022-06-13T06:31:59Z","timestamp":1655101919000},"page":"284","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Evaluating the Digital Transformation Performance of Retail by the DEA Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3769-6200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling-Jing","family":"Kao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business Management, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106344, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Chih-Chou","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business Management, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106344, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Hung-Tse","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Management, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106344, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Yun-Wei","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service System Technology Center, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 310, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Chin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business Management, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106344, Taiwan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"54","article-title":"Digital Transformation Is Not about Technology","volume":"13","author":"Tabrizi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Harv. 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