{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T04:23:57Z","timestamp":1762057437431,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Axioms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent decades, waste generation has increased gradually because of the development of the quantity and size of businesses, together with the high growth rate of the population. However, in 2019, like other industries, the waste management industry was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in relation to aspects concentrated on strategy. Subsequently, appropriate waste management in all aspects of the community, specifically for waste management enterprises, was demanded. This research aims to assess the profitable efficiency, position, technical, and technological innovation and compare the global major waste management corporations by integrating the negative super-slacks-based measure model and the negative Malmquist model in data envelopment analysis. Various inputs and outputs are initially selected from nine waste management companies\u2019 financial statements from 2017 to 2020, including negative values, to attain their performance. The empirical results indicated that waste management companies\u2019 managers could make better investment or strategy decisions for superior performance. At the same time, collaborators from other sectors could find their potential partners in the waste management industry. In general, considering the efficiency, Veolia Environment (DMU3) and Heritage-Crystal Clean Company (DMU8) were the most efficient companies. Meanwhile, Covanta Holding (DMU2) and Republic Services Corporation (DMU5) required additional development to improve their performance. Besides, because of the disparity in technical and technological innovation, most decision-making units could not achieve consistent improvement in terms of technical, technological change, and total production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/axioms11070315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T23:59:22Z","timestamp":1656460762000},"page":"315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Measuring Profitable Efficiency, Technical Efficiency, Technological Innovation of Waste Management Companies Using Negative Super-SBM\u2013Malmquist Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2374-3830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia-Nan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 807618, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0979-2345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quynh-Ngoc","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 807618, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6861-6627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thi-Kim-Lien","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics-Business Administration, Thanh Dong University, Tu Minh, Hai Duong 171960, Vietnam"}]},{"given":"Hsien-Pin","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Supply Chain Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8559-0868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanh-Tuan","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 807618, Taiwan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Solid Waste Management in Textile Industry","volume":"3","author":"Apsara","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Res. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2010.09.025","article-title":"Waste management, waste resource facilities and waste conversion processes","volume":"52","author":"Demirbas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Industrial and Community Waste Management: Global Perspective","volume":"1","author":"Awuchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Sci. (AJPS)"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C.N., Hoang, Q.N., and Nguyen, T.K.L. (2021). Integrating the EBM Model and LTS(A,A,A) Model to Evaluate the Efficiency in the Supply Chain of Packaging Industry in Vietnam. Axioms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/axioms10010033"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaza, S., Yao, L.C., Bhada-Tata, P., and Woerden, F.V. (2018). What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050, World Bank. Urban Development.","DOI":"10.1596\/978-1-4648-1329-0"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2021, October 12). Alliedmarketresearch. Available online: https:\/\/www.alliedmarketresearch.com\/waste-management-market."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2021, October 15). Lichpinseo. Available online: https:\/\/linchpinseo.com\/trends-waste-management-industry\/."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2022, February 28). The World Bank. Available online: https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/topic\/urbandevelopment\/brief\/solid-waste-management."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0266(199802)19:2<115::AID-SMJ941>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Strategic decision-making processes: The role of management and context","volume":"19","author":"Papadakis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Strateg. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.110234","article-title":"Inconsistencies of e-waste management in developing nations\u2014Facts and plausible solutions","volume":"261","author":"Gollakota","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2015.02.007","article-title":"Analysis of waste hierarchy in the European waste directive 2008\/98\/EC","volume":"39","author":"Gharfalkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2022, March 03). EURLex. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX%3A32008L0098."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2022, March 03). EPA, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/rcra\/resource-conservation-and-recovery-act-rcra-regulations."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2010.07.017","article-title":"Assessment of the performance of a public water utility: A case study of Blantyre Water Board in Malawi","volume":"35","author":"Kalulu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2018.07.050","article-title":"Assessing factors that influence waste management financial sustainability","volume":"79","author":"Bartolacci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(78)90138-8","article-title":"Measuring the efficiency of decision-making units","volume":"2","author":"Charnes","year":"1978","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1086\/254195","article-title":"The economics of exhaustible resources","volume":"39","author":"Hotelling","year":"1931","journal-title":"J. Political Econ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.30.9.1078","article-title":"Some models for estimating technical and scale inefficiencies in data envelopment analysis","volume":"30","author":"Banker","year":"1984","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(99)00407-5","article-title":"A slacks-based measure of efficiency in data envelopment analysis","volume":"130","author":"Tone","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00324-1","article-title":"A slacks-based measure of super-efficiency in data envelopment analysis","volume":"143","author":"Tone","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2019.09.055","article-title":"Handling negative data in slacks-based measure data envelopment analysis models","volume":"282","author":"Tone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1108\/BIJ-02-2016-0023","article-title":"An application of data envelopment analysis for Korean banks with negative data","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Benchmarking"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"527","article-title":"Approaching the Negative Super-SBM Model to Partner Selection of Vietnamese Securities Companies","volume":"8","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Asian Financ. Econ. Bus (JAFEB)"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.118221","article-title":"Airline environmental efficiency measures considering negative data: An application of a modified network Modified Slacks-based measure model","volume":"207","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00158770","article-title":"Productivity changes in Swedish pharmacies 1980\u20131989: A non-parametric Malmquist approach","volume":"3","author":"Grosskopf","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Prod. Anal."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2012.12.038","article-title":"Benchmarking road safety of U.S. states: A DEA-based Malmquist productivity index approach","volume":"53","author":"Egilmez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2020.120298","article-title":"Research on sustainable development and efficiency of China\u2019s E-Agriculture based on a data envelopment analysis-Malmquist model","volume":"162","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C.N., Nguyen, T.L., Dang, T.T., and Bui, T.H. (2021). Performance Evaluation of Fishery Enterprises Using Data Envelopment Analysis- A Malmquist Model. Mathematics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/math9050469"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.2307\/3440861","article-title":"The Malmquist total factor productivity index","volume":"98","author":"Bjurek","year":"1996","journal-title":"Scand. J. Econ."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2021, June 29). Yahoo Finance. Available online: https:\/\/finance.yahoo.com\/."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2021, November 30). Wastetodaymagazine. Available online: https:\/\/www.wastetodaymagazine.com\/article\/waste-todays--top-50-haulers-list\/."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-012-9119-5","article-title":"Evaluation of the Effect of Recycling on Sustainability of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Thailand","volume":"4","author":"Menikpura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Waste Biomass Valorization"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2013.10.014","article-title":"Financial sustainability in municipal solid waste management\u2014Costs and revenues in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia","volume":"34","author":"Lohri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooper, W.W., Seiford, L.M., and Tone, K. (2006). Data Envelopment Analysis-A Comprehensive Text with Models, Applications, References and DEA-Solver Software, Springer. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-45283-8"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01073909","article-title":"DEA of financial statements data: The U.S. computer industry","volume":"5","author":"Thore","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Product. Anal."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tone, K. (2017). Advances in DEA Theory and Applications: With Extensions to Forecasting Models, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118946688"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2022, March 05). Astuteanalytica. Available online: https:\/\/www.astuteanalytica.com\/request-toc\/waste-management-market."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"261","article-title":"Current practice of waste management system in Malaysia: Towards sustainable waste management","volume":"6","author":"Tey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2021, December 12). Recyclingtoday. Available online: https:\/\/www.recyclingtoday.com\/article\/nestle-veolia-plastic-recycling-cooperation\/."}],"container-title":["Axioms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1680\/11\/7\/315\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:39:58Z","timestamp":1760139598000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1680\/11\/7\/315"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["axioms11070315"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/axioms11070315","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1680"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-1680"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]}}}