{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T02:44:22Z","timestamp":1768445062975,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]],"date-time":"2022-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003339","name":"Spanish Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PGC2018-094763-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PGC2018-094763-B-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003339","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003339","name":"Spanish Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2019-105182GB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-105182GB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003339","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Axioms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Segregation affects millions of urban dwellers. The main expression of this reality is the creation of ghettos which are city parts characterized by a combination of features: low income, poor cultural level\u2026 Segregation models have been usually defined over regular lattices. However, in recent years, the focus has shifted from these unrealistic frameworks to other environments defined via geographic information systems (GIS) or networks. Nevertheless, each one of them has its drawbacks: GIS demands high-resolution data, that are not always available, and networks tend to have limited real-world applications. Our work tries to fill the gap between them. First, we use some basic GIS information to define the network, and then, run an extended Schelling model on it. As a result, we obtain the location of ghettos. After that, we analyze which parts of the city are segregated, via spatial analysis and machine learning and compare our results. For the case study of Washington D.C., we obtain an 80% accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/axioms11090457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]],"date-time":"2022-09-06T20:52:51Z","timestamp":1662497571000},"page":"457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Schelling Extended Model in Networks\u2014Characterization of Ghettos in Washington D.C."],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0799-3151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Ortega","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dto. F\u00edsica Fundamental, Universidad Nacional de Educaci\u00f3n a Distancia (UNED), E-28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Elka","family":"Korutcheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dto. F\u00edsica Fundamental, Universidad Nacional de Educaci\u00f3n a Distancia (UNED), E-28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"G. Nadjakov Institute of Solid State Physics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, July 22). Merriam Webster Dictionary. Available online: https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2022, July 22). Encyclopedia Britannica. Available online: https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/segregation-sociology."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/0022250X.1971.9989794","article-title":"Dynamic models of segregation","volume":"2","author":"Schelling","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Math. Sociol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.4.1071","article-title":"Ising Model for the \u03bb Transition and Phase Separation in He3 and He4 Mixtures","volume":"4","author":"Blume","year":"1971","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. 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