{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T09:25:34Z","timestamp":1762075534993,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,13]],"date-time":"2022-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Axioms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper implements the trial equation approach to retrieve cubic\u2013quartic optical solitons in fiber Bragg gratings with the aid of the trial equation methodology. Five forms of nonlinear refractive index structures are considered. They are the Kerr law, the parabolic law, the polynomial law, the quadratic\u2013cubic law, and the parabolic nonlocal law. Dark and singular soliton solutions are recovered along with Jacobi\u2019s elliptic functions with an appropriate modulus of ellipticity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/axioms11110640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T04:24:10Z","timestamp":1668399850000},"page":"640","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Optical Solitons in Fiber Bragg Gratings with Dispersive Reflectivity Having Five Nonlinear Forms of Refractive Index"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2108-1159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming-Yue","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China"}]},{"given":"Anjan","family":"Biswas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Physics, Grambling State University, Grambling, LA 71245, USA"},{"name":"Mathematical Modeling and Applied Computation (MMAC) Research Group, Department of Mathematics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics, National Research Nuclear University, 31 Kashirskoe Hwy, 115409 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Applied Sciences, Cross-Border Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 111 Domneasca Street, 800201 Galati, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Medunsa 0204, South Africa"}]},{"given":"Yakup","family":"Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Biruni University, 34010 Istanbul, Turkey"}]},{"given":"Hashim M.","family":"Alshehri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mathematical Modeling and Applied Computation (MMAC) Research Group, Department of Mathematics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9121-5714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luminita","family":"Moraru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Physics and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Environment, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 47 Domneasca Street, 800008 Galati, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5934-329X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Moldovanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Faculty of Automation, Computers, Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 47 Domneasca Street, 800008 Galati, Romania"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340008","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0085931","article-title":"Solitary waves for the sixth order nonlinear differential equation in optical fiber Bragg grating","volume":"Volume 2425","author":"Kan","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIP Conference Proceedings"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1002\/mma.7836","article-title":"Solitary waves described by a high-order system in optical fiber Bragg gratings with arbitrary refractive index","volume":"45","author":"Kan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Math. 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