{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T15:29:10Z","timestamp":1774538950459,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RSPD2023R646"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2023R646"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Axioms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent modern power systems, the number of renewable energy systems (RESs) and nonlinear loads have become more prevalent. When these systems are connected to the electricity grid, they may face new difficulties and issues such as harmonics and non-standard voltage. The proposed study suggests the application of a whale optimization algorithm (WOA) based on a fractional-order proportional-integral controller (FOPIC) for unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) and STATCOM tools. These operate best with the help of their improved control system, to increase the system\u2019s reliability and fast dynamic response, and to decrease the total harmonic distortion (THD) for enhancing the power quality (PQ). In this article, three different configurations are studied and assessed, namely: (C1) WOA-based FOPIC for UPQC, (C2) WOA-based FOPIC for STATCOM, and (C3) system without FACTS, i.e., base case, to mitigate the mentioned drawbacks. C3 is also considered as a base case to highlight the main benefits of C1 and C2 in improving the PQ by reducing the %THD of the voltage and current system and improving the systems\u2019 voltage waveforms. With C2, voltage fluctuation is decreased by 98%, but it nearly disappears in C1 during normal conditions. Additionally, during the fault period, voltage distortion is reduced by 95% and 100% with C2 and C1, respectively. Furthermore, when comparing C1 to C2 and C3 under regular conditions, the percentage reduction in THD is remarkable. In addition, C1 eliminates the need for voltage sag, and harmonic and current harmonic detectors, and it helps to streamline the control approach and boost control precision. The modeling and simulation of the prepared system are performed by MATLAB\/Simulink. Finally, it can be concluded that the acquired results are very interesting and helpful in the recovery to the steady state of wind systems and nonlinear loads, thereby increasing their grid connection capabilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/axioms12050420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T04:42:54Z","timestamp":1682484174000},"page":"420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Application of Whale Optimization Algorithm Based FOPI Controllers for STATCOM and UPQC to Mitigate Harmonics and Voltage Instability in Modern Distribution Power Grids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2460-1850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Metwally","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Energy Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5939-3695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Basiony Shehata","family":"Atia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Field Service Engineer at Rapiscan Systems, 2805 Columbia St, Torrance, CA 90503, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1863-0732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yahia M.","family":"Esmail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy, Cairo 222, Egypt"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1258-3907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sid Ahmed El Mehdi","family":"Ardjoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRECOM Laboratory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Djillali Liabes University, Sidi Bel-Abbes 22000, Algeria"}]},{"given":"Noha","family":"Anwer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Power and Machines Engineering Department, The High Institute of Engineering and Technology, Luxor 85842, Egypt"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0549-3591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed I.","family":"Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Higher Institute of Engineering at El-Shorouk City, El-Shorouk Academy, Cairo 11837, Egypt"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4378-5111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faisal","family":"Alsaif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Sager","family":"Alsulamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Energy & Climate Change Division, Sustainable Energy Research Group, Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 7QF, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9562-1106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shazly A.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1080\/03772063.2019.1698321","article-title":"Enhancement of Power Quality with Hybrid Distributed Generation and FACTS Device","volume":"68","author":"Aljendy","year":"2019","journal-title":"IETE J. 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