{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T07:27:04Z","timestamp":1772004424774,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]],"date-time":"2025-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Axioms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, a fractional-order eco-epidemiological model with two disease strains in the predator population incorporating harvesting is formulated and analyzed. The model assumes that the population is divided into a prey population, a susceptible predator population, a predator population infected by the first disease, and a predator population infected by the second disease. A mathematical analysis and numerical simulations are performed to explain the dynamics and properties of the proposed fractional-order eco-epidemiological model. The positivity, boundedness, existence, and uniqueness of the solutions are examined. The basic reproduction number and some sufficient conditions for the existence of four equilibrium points are obtained. In addition, some sufficient conditions are proposed to ensure the local and global asymptotic stability of the equilibrium points. Theoretical results are illustrated through numerical simulations, which also highlight the effect of the fractional order.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/axioms14010053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T06:42:15Z","timestamp":1736750535000},"page":"53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Dynamics of a Fractional-Order Eco-Epidemiological Model with Two Disease Strains in a Predator Population Incorporating Harvesting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9508-3192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moustafa","family":"El-Shahed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Qassim University, P.O. Box 6644, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1296-6235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Moustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering and Information Technology, Onaizah Colleges, Qassim 56447, Saudi Arabia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"360","article-title":"Stability and bifurcation of a delayed generalized fractional-order prey\u2013predator model with interspecific competition","volume":"347","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Comput."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boccara, N. (2010). 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