{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T11:45:51Z","timestamp":1790595951064,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open Fund of Network and Data Security Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province","award":["NDS2024-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NDS2024-1"]}]},{"name":"Gongga Plan for the \u201cDouble World-class Project\u201d","award":["NDS2024-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NDS2024-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Axioms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we introduce a quantum private set intersection (QPSI) scheme that leverages Bell states as quantum information carriers. Our approach involves encoding private sets into Bell states using unitary operations, enabling the computation of the intersection between two private sets from different users while keeping their individual sets undisclosed to anyone except for the intersection result. In our scheme, a semi-honest third party (TP) distributes the first and second qubits of the Bell states to the two users. Each user encodes their private sets by applying unitary operations on the received qubits according to predefined encoding rules. The modified sequence is encrypted and then sent back to TP, who can compute the set intersection without learning any information about the users\u2019 private inputs. The simulation outcomes on the IBM quantum platform substantiate the viability of our scheme. We analyze the security and privacy aspects of the sets, showing that both external attacks and internal threats do not compromise the security of the private inputs. Furthermore, our scheme exhibits better practicality by utilizing easily implementable Bell states and unitary operations, rather than relying on multiple encoded states for set intersection calculations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/axioms14020120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T04:00:28Z","timestamp":1738900828000},"page":"120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Quantum Private Set Intersection Scheme Based on Bell States"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2128-4825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Sichuan University Jinjiang College, Meishan 620860, China"},{"name":"Network and Data Security Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Intelligence, Hefei 230088, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Sichuan University Jinjiang College, Meishan 620860, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6323-9420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shibin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Artificial Intelligence (CUIT Shuangliu Industrial College), Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"},{"name":"Advanced Cryptography and System Security Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610225, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, A.C. 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