{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T11:44:59Z","timestamp":1767008699138,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, Jazan University","award":["RG24-M05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG24-M05"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Axioms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study presents high-fidelity numerical simulations of the shock-accelerated single-mode Richtmyer\u2013Meshkov instability (RMI) in a light helium layer confined between two interfaces and surrounded by nitrogen gas. A high-order modal discontinuous Galerkin method is employed to solve the two-dimensional compressible Euler equations, enabling detailed investigation of interface evolution, vorticity dynamics, and flow structure development under various physical conditions. The effects of helium layer thickness, initial perturbation amplitude, and incident shock Mach number are systematically explored by analyzing interface morphology, vorticity generation, enstrophy, and kinetic energy. The results show that increasing the helium layer thickness enhances vorticity accumulation and interface deformation by delaying interaction with the second interface, allowing more sustained instability growth. Larger initial perturbation amplitudes promote earlier onset of nonlinear deformation and stronger baroclinic vorticity generation, while higher shock strengths intensify pressure gradients across the interface, accelerating instability amplification and mixing. These findings highlight the critical interplay between layer confinement, perturbation strength, and shock strength in governing the nonlinear evolution of RMI in light fluid layers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/axioms14060473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T06:11:07Z","timestamp":1750313467000},"page":"473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Single-Mode Richtmyer\u2013Meshkov Instability in Light Fluid Layer: Insights from Numerical Simulations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0186-0526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed Hussein","family":"Msmali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6669-5296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satyvir","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Applied and Computational Mathematics, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun 248002, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9168-5126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mutum Zico","family":"Meetei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/cpa.3160130207","article-title":"Taylor instability in shock acceleration of compressible fluids","volume":"13","author":"Richtmyer","year":"1960","journal-title":"Commun. 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