{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T08:58:25Z","timestamp":1765961905544,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003392","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024J01273"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024J01273"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Axioms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper investigates a model of amensalism, in which the first species is influenced by the combined effects of refuge and fear, while the second species exhibits an additive Allee effect. The paper analyzes the existence and stability of the equilibria of the system and derives the conditions for various bifurcations. In the global structure analysis, the stability at infinity is examined, and the phenomena of global stability and bistability in the system are analyzed. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis is employed to evaluate the impact of system parameters on populations. The study reveals that refuge has a significant positive effect on the first population, and refuge\u2019s effect becomes more pronounced as the fear level increases. Under the strong Allee effect, when the initial density of the second species is low, the second species may eventually become extinct; when the initial density is high, if the refuge parameter is below a certain threshold, increasing the refuge parameter slows down the extinction of the first species, whereas, when the refuge parameter exceeds this threshold, the two species can coexist. Under the weak Allee effect, when the refuge parameter surpasses a certain threshold, the two species can achieve long-term, stable coexistence, and the threshold for the weak Allee effect is higher than that for the strong Allee effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/axioms14080567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T14:11:44Z","timestamp":1753366304000},"page":"567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dynamic Analysis of an Amensalism Model Driven by Multiple Factors: The Interwoven Impacts of Refuge, the Fear Effect, and the Allee Effect"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yuting","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3617-5550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fengde","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7172-9462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lijuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800049-6.00189-X","article-title":"Commensalism, amensalism, and synnecrosis","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Veiga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Biology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0706.2012.00126.x","article-title":"Grasshoppers amensalistically suppress caterpillar performance and enhance plant biomass in an alpine meadow","volume":"122","author":"Xi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-008-0994-1","article-title":"Impacts of large herbivorous mammals on bird diversity and abundance in an African savanna","volume":"156","author":"Ogada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"73","article-title":"The effects of climate change on plant-pollinator interactions","volume":"3","author":"Hughes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ecol. 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