{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T02:33:36Z","timestamp":1774665216042,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU)","award":["IMSIU-DDRSP2501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IMSIU-DDRSP2501"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Axioms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a stochastic analysis of a two-unit cold standby system incorporating imperfect switching mechanisms. Each unit operates in one of three states: normal, partial failure, or total failure. Employing Markov processes, the study evaluates system reliability by examining the mean time to failure (MTTF) and steady-state availability metrics. Failure and repair times are assumed to follow exponential distributions, while the switching mechanism is modeled as either perfect or imperfect. The results highlight the significant influence of switching reliability on both MTTF and system availability. This analysis is crucial for optimizing the performance of complex systems, such as thermal power plants, where continuous and reliable operation is imperative. The study also aligns with recent research trends emphasizing the integration of preventive maintenance and advanced reliability modeling approaches to enhance overall system resilience.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/axioms14080589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T10:25:34Z","timestamp":1753784734000},"page":"589","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Reliability and Availability Analysis of a Two-Unit Cold Standby System with Imperfect Switching"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Nariman M.","family":"Ragheb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Science Department, Future High Institute for Engineering, Cairo 11765, Egypt"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5000-2061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emad","family":"Solouma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Abdullah A.","family":"Alahmari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mathematics Department, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5790-3222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sayed","family":"Saber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef 62511, Egypt"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.18187\/pjsor.v17i3.3449","article-title":"Reliability Analysis of Two Unit Standby Model with Controlled and Uncontrolled Failure and Replacement Facility","volume":"17","author":"Bashir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pak. 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