{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T13:11:53Z","timestamp":1779887513338,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]],"date-time":"2020-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Southern Federal University,","award":["2020 (Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020 (Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Axioms"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Primordial black holes (PBHs) are the sensitive probe for physics and cosmology of very early Universe. The observable effect of their existence depends on the PBH mass. Mini PBHs evaporate and do not survive to the present time, leaving only background effect of products of their evaporation, while PBHs evaporating now can be new exotic sources of energetic particles and gamma rays in the modern Universe. Here we revisit the history of evolution of mini PBHs. We follow the aspects associated with growth versus evaporation rate of \u201ca mini PBH being trapped inside intense local cosmological matter inhomogeneity\u201d. We show that the existence of baryon accretion forbidden black hole regime enables constraints on mini PBHs with the mass     M \u2264 5.5 \u00d7  10 13      g. On the other hand, we propose the mechanism of delay of evaporation of primordial population of PBHs of primordial mass range     5.5 \u00d7  10 13   g \u2264 M \u2264 5.1 \u00d7  10 14      g. It can provide their evaporation to be the main contributor to    \u03b3   -ray flux distribution in the current Universe. At the final stage of evaporation these PBHs can be the source of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays and gamma radiation challenging probe for their existence in the LHAASO experiment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/axioms9020071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]],"date-time":"2020-06-25T10:36:54Z","timestamp":1593081414000},"page":"71","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Revisiting Primordial Black Hole Evolution"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1653-6964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxim","family":"Khlopov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, 115409 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, F-75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"Institute of Physics, Southern Federal University, Stachki 194, 344090 Rostov on Don, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4704-9966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biplab","family":"Paik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rautara MNM High School, Rautara, Habra, North 24, Parganas 743234, West Bengal, India"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Government College of Engineering and Ceramic Technology, Kolkata 700010, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5909-0544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saibal","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Government College of Engineering and Ceramic Technology, Kolkata 700010, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/248030a0","article-title":"Black hole explosions","volume":"248","author":"Hawking","year":"1974","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/7\/1\/203","article-title":"Hawking radiation and black hole thermodynamics","volume":"7","author":"Page","year":"2005","journal-title":"New J. 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