{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:23:13Z","timestamp":1766967793984,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,28]],"date-time":"2025-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62162018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62162018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U24A20248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24A20248"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Parallel Technology","award":["SHJJ2024005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SHJJ2024005"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFB3301800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB3301800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi","award":["2024GXNSFDA010067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024GXNSFDA010067"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi","award":["2024JJB170065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JJB170065"]}]},{"name":"Open Project Program of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Digital Infrastructure","award":["GXDIOP2024005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GXDIOP2024005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BDCC"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In cloud-based distributed systems, trace anomaly detection plays a vital role in maintaining system reliability by identifying early signs of performance degradation or faults. However, existing methods often fail to capture the complex temporal and structural dependencies inherent in trace data. To address this, we propose a novel dual-branch Transformer-based framework that integrates both temporal modeling and causal reasoning. The first branch encodes the original trace data to capture direct service-level dynamics, while the second employs phase-space reconstruction to reveal nonlinear temporal interactions by embedding time-delayed representations. To better capture how anomalies propagate across services, we introduce a causal propagation module that leverages directed service call graphs to enforce the time order and directionality during feature aggregation, ensuring anomaly signals propagate along realistic causal paths. Additionally, we propose a hybrid loss function combining the reconstruction error with symmetric Kullback\u2013Leibler divergence between attention maps from the two branches, enabling the model to distinguish normal and anomalous patterns more effectively. Extensive experiments conducted on multiple real-world trace datasets demonstrate that our method consistently outperforms state-of-the-art baselines in terms of precision, recall, and F1 score. The proposed framework proves robust across diverse scenarios, offering improved detection accuracy, and robustness to noisy or complex service dependencies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc10010010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,28]],"date-time":"2025-12-28T23:54:36Z","timestamp":1766966076000},"page":"10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Dual-Branch Transformer Framework for Trace-Level Anomaly Detection via Phase-Space Embedding and Causal Message Propagation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Siyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Cryptography and Information Security, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi University Engineering Research Center of Cloud Network Convergence and Data Security, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiting","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Cryptography and Information Security, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Digital Infrastructure, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Information Center, Nanning 530002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jining","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Digital Infrastructure, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Information Center, Nanning 530002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Cryptography and Information Security, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi University Engineering Research Center of Cloud Network Convergence and Data Security, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Guan, Z., Qian, H., Xu, L., Liu, H., Wen, Q., Sun, L., Jiang, J., Fan, L., and Ke, M. 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