{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T12:22:34Z","timestamp":1767615754426,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Defense-related Science and Technology Key Lab Fund Project of China","award":["61420062401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61420062401"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BDCC"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have driven substantial progress in knowledge base question answering (KBQA), particularly under few-shot settings. However, symbolic program generation remains challenging due to its strict structural constraints and high sensitivity to generation errors. Existing few-shot methods often rely on multi-turn strategies, such as rule-based step-by-step reasoning or iterative self-correction, which introduce additional latency and exacerbate error propagation. We present CBR2, a case-based reasoning framework with dual retrieval guidance for single-pass symbolic program generation. Instead of generating programs interactively, CBR2 constructs a unified structure-aware prompt that integrates two complementary types of retrieval: (1) structured knowledge from ontologies and factual triples, and (2) reasoning exemplars retrieved via semantic and function-level similarity. A lightweight similarity model is trained to retrieve structurally aligned programs, enabling effective transfer of abstract reasoning patterns. Experiments on KQA Pro and MetaQA demonstrate that CBR2 achieves significant improvements in both accuracy and syntactic robustness. Specifically on KQA Pro, it boosts Hits@1 from 72.70% to 82.13% and reduces syntax errors by 25%, surpassing the previous few-shot state-of-the-art.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc10010017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T10:03:48Z","timestamp":1767607428000},"page":"17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["CBR2: A Case-Based Reasoning Framework with Dual Retrieval Guidance for Few-Shot KBQA"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6725-6241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyu","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Systems Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0787-7001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory for Complex Systems Simulation, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lingtao","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory for Complex Systems Simulation, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhipeng","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory for Complex Systems Simulation, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory for Complex Systems Simulation, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"He","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Systems and Society, Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1877","article-title":"Language Models are Few-Shot Learners","volume":"Volume 33","author":"Larochelle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 34th Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Touvron, H., Martin, L., Stone, K., Albert, P., Almahairi, A., Babaei, Y., Bashlykov, N., Batra, S., Bhargava, P., and Bhosale, S. 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