{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T14:58:40Z","timestamp":1787497120859,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,29]],"date-time":"2017-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BDCC"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Media convergence has changed relationships between existing technologies, industries, markets, and audiences. Smart cities are seen as the logical outcome of media convergence. Big Data form the basis and the output of smart technologies. In the last twenty years, there has been much discussion on smart cities, big data, and the need for sustainability in technological endeavors. This article combines these by providing an overview of the three subjects about their points of intersection. Identifying these points of intersection will help smart city researchers to better understand where there is need for further development towards better standards of living and increased sustainability. This review will provide directions for further research and provide a brief historical overview of how far research has come in the three intertwined identified areas towards designing, adapting, and managing smarter communities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc1010004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,29]],"date-time":"2017-09-29T12:24:04Z","timestamp":1506687844000},"page":"4","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Smart Cities, Big Data, and Sustainability Union"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"1","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4339-1657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonali","family":"Kudva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Communication and Information, Kent State University, Kent, OH 442420, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8838-9476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyue","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Kent State University, Kent, OH 442420, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1177\/1367877904040603","article-title":"The cultural logic of media convergence","volume":"7","author":"Jenkins","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Cult. Stud."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Greenfield, A. (2010). Everyware: The Dawning Age of Ubiquitous Computing, New Riders."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1140\/epjst\/e2012-01703-3","article-title":"Smart Cities of the Future","volume":"214","author":"Batty","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1080\/13604810802479126","article-title":"Will the real smart city please stand up? Intelligent, progressive or entrepreneurial?","volume":"12","author":"Hollands","year":"2008","journal-title":"City"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/10630732.2011.601117","article-title":"Smart cities in Europe","volume":"18","author":"Caragliu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Urban Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Dutton, W.H., Kraemer, K.L., and Blumler, J.G. (1987). Wired Cities: Shaping the Future of Communications, Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Winseck, D. (2002). Wired Cities and Transnational Communications: New Forms of Governance for Telecommunications and the New Media. Handbook of New Media: Social Shaping and Consequences of ICTs, Sage."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Graham, S. (2004). The Cybercities Reader, Psychology Press."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Dameri, R., and Cocchia, A. (2013, January 14). Smart City and Digital City: Twenty Years of Terminology Evolution. Proceedings of the X Conference of the Italian Chapter of AIS (ITAIS), Milano, Italy."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/10630730701260118","article-title":"Urban regeneration and sustainable communities: The role of networks, innovation, and creativity in building successful partnerships","volume":"14","author":"Deakin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Urban Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cocchia, A. (2014). Smart and digital city: A systematic literature review. Smart City, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-06160-3_2"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chourabi, H., Nam, T., Walker, S., Gil-Garcia, J.R., Mellouli, S., Nahon, K., Pardo, T.A., and Scholl, H.J. (2012, January 4\u20137). Understanding Smart Cities: An integrative Framework. Proceedings of the 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on System Science (HICSS), Maui, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2012.615"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"569","article-title":"Zhang Yimou\u2019s Hero and the Globalisation of Propoganda. Millenn","volume":"34","author":"Harrison","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Int. Stud."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Bowerman, B., Braverman, J., Taylor, J., Todosow, H., and von Wimmersperg, U. (2000, January 28). The vision of a smart city. Proceedings of the 2nd International Life Extension Technology Workshop, Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Townsend, A.M. (2013). Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia, WW Norton & Company."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cocchia, A. (2014). Smart and Digital City: A Systematic Literature Review, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-06160-3_2"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2013.12.010","article-title":"Current trends in Smart City initiatives: Some stylised facts","volume":"38","author":"Neirotti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1080\/00420980050003946","article-title":"Creative Cities and Economic Development","volume":"37","author":"Hall","year":"2000","journal-title":"Urban Stud."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nam, T., and Pardo, T.A. (2011, January 12\u201315). Conceptualizing smart city with dimensions of technology, people, and institutions. Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Digital Government Research Conference: Digital Government Innovation in Challenging Times, College Park, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2037556.2037602"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Giffinger, R., Fertner, C., Kramar, H., Kalasek, R., Pichler-Milanovic, N., and Meijers, E. (2007). Smart Cities: Ranking of European Medium-Sized Cities, Centre of Regional Science, Vienna University of Technology. Final Report."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Toppeta, D. (2010). The Smart City Vision: How Innovation and ICT Can Build Smart,\u201cLivable\u201d, Sustainable Cities, The Innovation Knowledge Foundation. Think!."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Lessig, L. (2009). Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace, Basic Books."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Dirks, S., and Keeling, M. (2009). A Vision of Smarter Cities: How Cities Can Lead the Way into a Prosperous and Sustainable FUTURE, IBM Institute for Business Value."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/big.2012.1503","article-title":"Making Sense of Big Data","volume":"1","author":"Dumbill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Big Data"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1177\/2043820613513390","article-title":"Big Data, Smart Cities and City Planning","volume":"3","author":"Batty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dialogues Hum. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1248506","article-title":"Big Data. The Parable of Google Flu: Traps in Big Data Analysis","volume":"343","author":"Lazer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Kroes, N. (2010, January 28). The Critical Role of Cities in Making the Digital Agenda a Reality, Closing speech to Global Cities Dialogue Spring Summit of Mayors. Proceedings of the European Commission-SPEECH\/10\/272, Brussels, Belgium."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2012.678878","article-title":"Critical questions for big data: Provocations for a cultural, technological, and scholarly phenomenon","volume":"15","author":"Boyd","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inf. Commun. Soc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1177\/2043820613513388","article-title":"Big Data and Human Geography: Opportunities, Challenges and Risks","volume":"3","author":"Kitchin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dialogues Hum. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10708-013-9516-8","article-title":"The Real-Time city? Big Data and Smart Urbanism","volume":"79","author":"Kitchin","year":"2014","journal-title":"GeoJournal"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Mayer-Sch\u00f6nberger, V., and Cukier, K. (2013). Big Data: A Revolution that Will Transform How We Live, Work, and Think, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Sampson, R.J. (New York Times, 2016). Open Doors Don\u2019t Invite Criminals: Is Increased Immigration Behind the Drop in Crime?, New York Times."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9533","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2697839","article-title":"Data Fusion and IoT for Smart Ubiquitous Environments: A Survey","volume":"5","author":"Alam","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Mckinsey Global Institute, Manyika, J., and Chui, M. (2011). Big Data: The Next Frontier for Innovation, Competition, and Productivity, McKinsey & Company."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13174-015-0041-5","article-title":"Applications of Big Data to Smart Cities","volume":"6","author":"Mohamed","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Internet Serv. Appl."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Newman, D. (2017, September 28). Big Data and the Future of Smart Cities. Available online: http:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/danielnewman\/2016\/08\/15\/big-data-and-the-future-of-smart-cities\/."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazmanian, D.A., and Kraft, M.E. (2009). Toward Sustainable Communities: Transition and Transformations in Environmental Policy, MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262134927.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"National Science Foundation (2017, September 28). Smart & Connected Communities: A Vision for the 21st Century, Available online: https:\/\/www.nsf.gov\/cise\/scc\/."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"National Science Foundation (2017, September 28). Cyber-Physical Systems|NSF\u2014National Science Foundation, Available online: https:\/\/www.nsf.gov\/news\/special_reports\/cyber-physical\/."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Computing Community Consortium (2017). NSF and Big Data Hubs Receive Cloud Credits for Big Data Research, Computing Community Consortium."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"National Science Foundation (2017). Smart and Connected Health|NSF."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"United Nations (2008). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2007 Revision, UN."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2013.6525605","article-title":"Bootstrapping smart cities through a self-sustainable model based on big data flows","volume":"51","author":"Vilajosana","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Roseland, M. (2012). Toward Sustainable Communities: Solutions for Citizens and Their Governments, New Society Publishers."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2012.09.028","article-title":"Definition methodology for the smart cities model","volume":"47","author":"Lazaroiu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8957","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1614433114","article-title":"Urban Sustainability in an Age of Enduring Inequalities: Advancing Theory and Ecometrics for the 21st-Century City","volume":"114","author":"Sampson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Labrinidis, A., and Jagadish, H.V. (2012). Challenges and opportunities with big data. VLDB Endowment.","DOI":"10.14778\/2367502.2367572"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"National Science Foundation (2016). NSF Commits More Than $60 Million to Smart Cities Initiative."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"159","article-title":"Less Smart More City","volume":"8","author":"Papa","year":"2015","journal-title":"TeMA J. Land Use Mobil. Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Q., Wei, W., Xiang, N., Feng, D., Ye, X., and Jiang, Y. (2017). Social Media Research, Human Behavior, and Sustainable Society. Sustainability, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/su9030384"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"377","article-title":"Integrating big social data, computing and modeling for spatial social science. Cartogr. Geogr","volume":"43","author":"Ye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, X., and Shi, X. (2013). Pursuing Spatiotemporally Integrated Social Science Using Cyberinfrastructure. Modern Accelerator Technologies for Geographic Information Science, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-8745-6_16"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7263373","article-title":"Software-Defined Internet of Things for Smart Urban Sensing","volume":"53","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Soc."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8869","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2694446","article-title":"Disease Prediction by Machine Learning over Big Healthcare Data","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Hwang, K., and Chen, M. (2017). Big Data Analytics for Cloud\/IoT and Cognitive Computing, Wiley."}],"container-title":["Big Data and Cognitive Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2504-2289\/1\/1\/4\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:46:15Z","timestamp":1760208375000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2504-2289\/1\/1\/4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,29]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["bdcc1010004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bdcc1010004","relation":{},"ISSN":["2504-2289"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2504-2289","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,29]]}}}