{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T14:17:00Z","timestamp":1777299420515,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,3]],"date-time":"2018-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BDCC"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the era of Big Data and IoT, successful systems have to be designed to discover, store, process, learn, analyse, and predict from a massive amount of data\u2014in short, they have to behave intelligently. Despite the success of non-symbolic techniques such as deep learning, symbolic approaches to machine intelligence still have a role to play in order to achieve key properties such as observability, explainability, and accountability. In this paper we focus on logic programming (LP), and advocate its role as a provider of symbolic reasoning capabilities in IoT scenarios, suitably complementing non-symbolic ones. In particular, we show how its re-interpretation in terms of LPaaS (Logic Programming as a Service) can work as an enabling technology for distributed situated intelligence. A possible example of hybrid reasoning\u2014where symbolic and non-symbolic techniques fruitfully combine to produce intelligent behaviour\u2014is presented, demonstrating how LPaaS could work in a smart energy grid scenario.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc2030023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,3]],"date-time":"2018-08-03T11:03:26Z","timestamp":1533294206000},"page":"23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["LPaaS as Micro-Intelligence: Enhancing IoT with Symbolic Reasoning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3794-2942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Calegari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Informatica\u2013Scienza e Ingegneria (DISI) A<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps\">lma<\/span> M<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps\">ater<\/span> S<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps\">tudiorum<\/span>\u2013Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1841-8996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Ciatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Informatica\u2013Scienza e Ingegneria (DISI) A<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps\">lma<\/span> M<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps\">ater<\/span> S<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps\">tudiorum<\/span>\u2013Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8921-8150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Mariani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Metodi dell\u2019Ingegneria (DSMI) Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 42122 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1687-8793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Denti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Informatica\u2013Scienza e Ingegneria (DISI) A<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps\">lma<\/span> M<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps\">ater<\/span> S<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps\">tudiorum<\/span>\u2013Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6655-3869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Omicini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Informatica\u2013Scienza e Ingegneria (DISI) A<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps\">lma<\/span> M<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps\">ater<\/span> S<span style=\"font-variant: small-caps\">tudiorum<\/span>\u2013Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2017.28","article-title":"Software Engineering for the Internet of Things","volume":"34","author":"Larrucea","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Softw."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lippi, M., Mamei, M., Mariani, S., and Zambonelli, F. 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