{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T02:50:00Z","timestamp":1776307800536,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":163,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BDCC"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The way humans and artificially intelligent machines interact is undergoing a dramatic change. This change becomes particularly apparent in domains where humans and machines collaboratively work on joint tasks or objects in teams, such as in industrial assembly or disassembly processes. While there is intensive research work on human\u2013machine collaboration in different research disciplines, systematic and interdisciplinary approaches towards engineering systems that consist of or comprise human\u2013machine teams are still rare. In this paper, we review and analyze the state of the art, and derive and discuss core requirements and concepts by means of an illustrating scenario. In terms of methods, we focus on how reciprocal trust between humans and intelligent machines is defined, built, measured, and maintained from a systems engineering and planning perspective in literature. Based on our analysis, we propose and outline three important areas of future research on engineering and operating human\u2013machine teams for trusted collaboration. For each area, we describe exemplary research opportunities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc4040035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T08:18:23Z","timestamp":1606119503000},"page":"35","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Engineering Human\u2013Machine Teams for Trusted Collaboration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Basel","family":"Alhaji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Simulation Science Center Clausthal-G\u00f6ttingen, Technische Universit\u00e4t Clausthal, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany"}]},{"given":"Janine","family":"Beecken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simulation Science Center Clausthal-G\u00f6ttingen, Technische Universit\u00e4t Clausthal, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany"}]},{"given":"R\u00fcdiger","family":"Ehlers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Software and Systems Engineering, Technische Universit\u00e4t Clausthal, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Gertheiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Social Sciences, Helmut-Schmidt-Universit\u00e4t Hamburg, 22043 Hamburg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Merz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simulation Science Center Clausthal-G\u00f6ttingen, Technische Universit\u00e4t Clausthal, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7533-3852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f6rg P.","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, Technische Universit\u00e4t Clausthal, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Prilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, Technische Universit\u00e4t Clausthal, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Rausch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Software and Systems Engineering, Technische Universit\u00e4t Clausthal, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Reinhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, Technische Universit\u00e4t Clausthal, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany"}]},{"given":"Delphine","family":"Reinhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computer Science and Campus Institute Data Science, Georg-August-Universit\u00e4t G\u00f6ttingen, 37077 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Rembe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Electrical Information Technology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Clausthal, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany"}]},{"given":"Niels-Ole","family":"Rohweder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simulation Science Center Clausthal-G\u00f6ttingen, Technische Universit\u00e4t Clausthal, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Schwindt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Management and Economics, Technische Universit\u00e4t Clausthal, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Westphal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mathematics, Technische Universit\u00e4t Clausthal, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Management and Economics, Technische Universit\u00e4t Clausthal, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-5073(70)90004-8","article-title":"Reinforcement determinants of team proficiency","volume":"5","author":"Klaus","year":"1970","journal-title":"Organ. 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