{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T19:42:32Z","timestamp":1769024552113,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]],"date-time":"2021-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006261","name":"Taif University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TURSP-2020\/300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TURSP-2020\/300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BDCC"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuroimaging refers to the techniques that provide efficient information about the neural structure of the human brain, which is utilized for diagnosis, treatment, and scientific research. The problem of classifying neuroimages is one of the most important steps that are needed by medical staff to diagnose their patients early by investigating the indicators of different neuroimaging types. Early diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease is of great importance in preventing the deterioration of the patient\u2019s situation. In this research, a novel approach was devised based on a digital subtracted angiogram scan that provides sufficient features of a new biomarker cerebral blood flow. The used dataset was acquired from the database of K.A.U.H hospital and contains digital subtracted angiograms of participants who were diagnosed with Alzheimer\u2019s disease, besides samples of normal controls. Since each scan included multiple frames for the left and right ICA\u2019s, pre-processing steps were applied to make the dataset prepared for the next stages of feature extraction and classification. The multiple frames of scans transformed from real space into DCT space and averaged to remove noises. Then, the averaged image was transformed back to the real space, and both sides filtered with Meijering and concatenated in a single image. The proposed model extracts the features using different pre-trained models: InceptionV3 and DenseNet201. Then, the PCA method was utilized to select the features with 0.99 explained variance ratio, where the combination of selected features from both pre-trained models is fed into machine learning classifiers. Overall, the obtained experimental results are at least as good as other state-of-the-art approaches in the literature and more efficient according to the recent medical standards with a 99.14% level of accuracy, considering the difference in dataset samples and the used cerebral blood flow biomarker.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc6010002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]],"date-time":"2021-12-28T06:55:03Z","timestamp":1640674503000},"page":"2","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Using Cerebral Catheter Angiogram Neuroimaging: A Novel Model Based on Deep Learning Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2018-6637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maha","family":"Gharaibeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan"}]},{"given":"Mothanna","family":"Almahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Information Systems, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3030-848X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mostafa Z.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Information Systems, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2656-427X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amer","family":"Al-Badarneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Information Systems, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan"}]},{"given":"Mwaffaq","family":"El-Heis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2203-4549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laith","family":"Abualigah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Sciences and Informatics, Amman Arab University, Amman 11953, Jordan"},{"name":"School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Altalhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management Information System, College of Business Administration, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Alaiad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Information Systems, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2798-0104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir H.","family":"Gandomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s134","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-006-0588-9","article-title":"Neuroimaging and pain: A window on the autonomic nervous system","volume":"27","author":"Leone","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camprodon, J.A., and Stern, T.A. (2013). 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