{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T20:40:57Z","timestamp":1774557657194,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["MOST 111-2410-H-324-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 111-2410-H-324-006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BDCC"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent studies have indicated that fake news is always produced to manipulate readers and that it spreads very fast and brings great damage to human society through social media. From the available literature, most studies focused on fake news detection and identification and fake news sentiment analysis using machine learning or deep learning techniques. However, relatively few researchers have paid attention to fake news analysis. This is especially true for fake political news. Unlike other published works which built fake news detection models from computer scientists\u2019 viewpoints, this study aims to develop an effective method that combines natural language processing (NLP) and latent semantic analysis (LSA) using singular value decomposition (SVD) techniques to help social scientists to analyze fake news for discovering the exact elements. In addition, the authors analyze the characteristics of true news and fake news. A real case from the USA election campaign in 2016 is employed to demonstrate the effectiveness of our methods. The experimental results could give useful suggestions to future researchers to distinguish fake news. This study finds the five concepts extracted from LSA and that they are representative of political fake news during the election.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc7020081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T03:01:48Z","timestamp":1682046108000},"page":"81","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Analyzing Online Fake News Using Latent Semantic Analysis: Case of USA Election Campaign"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Richard G.","family":"Mayopu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung 413310, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Yi-Yun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung 413310, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2967-9956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Long-Sheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung 413310, Taiwan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obreja, D.M. (Soc. Sci. Comput. Rev., 2022). Mapping the Political Landscape on Social Media Using Bibliometrics: A Longitudinal Co-Word Analysis on Twitter and Facebook Publications Published between 2012 and 2021, Soc. Sci. Comput. Rev., in press.","DOI":"10.1177\/08944393221117749"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pubrev.2021.102088","article-title":"Fake news: How emotions, involvement, need for cognition and rebuttal evidence (story vs. informational) influence consumer reactions toward a targeted organization","volume":"47","author":"Vafeiadis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Relat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"15","article-title":"The global rise of \u201cfake news\u201d and the threat to democratic elections in the USA","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Adm. Policy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1177\/19401612211039704","article-title":"The Concept of Hybridity in Journalism Studies","volume":"28","author":"Hallin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Press."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-90087-8_6","article-title":"Fake News Detection Using Machine Learning and Natural Language Processing","volume":"1001","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stud. Comput. Intell."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1007\/s13278-022-00995-5","article-title":"A systematic literature review and existing challenges toward fake news detection models","volume":"12","author":"Ganatra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc. Netw. Anal. Min."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1002\/jaal.1223","article-title":"From Fake News to Racism: A Study of Change in a Reading Intervention Class","volume":"65","author":"Delaney","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Adult Lit."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Escoda, A. (2022). Infodemic and Fake News Turning Shift for Media: Distrust among University Students. Information, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/info13110523"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tashtoush, Y., Alrababah, B., Darwish, O., Maabreh, M., and Alsaedi, N. (2022). A Deep Learning Framework for Detection of COVID-19 Fake news on social media platforms. Data, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/data7050065"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2023.02.005","article-title":"Neurocomputing Content-Based Fake News Detection with Machine and Deep Learning: A Systematic Review","volume":"530","author":"Capuano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2022.07.057","article-title":"Dynamic graph neural network for fake news detection","volume":"505","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2022.114825","article-title":"Wearable artificial intelligence biosensor networks","volume":"219","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2022.107967","article-title":"COVID-19 fake news sentiment analysis","volume":"101","author":"Iwendi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2022.102872","article-title":"Predictive intelligence in harmful news identification by BERT-based ensemble learning model with text sentiment analysis","volume":"59","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inf. Process. Manag."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2021.12.128","article-title":"The influence of fake accounts on sentiment analysis related to COVID-19 in Indonesia","volume":"197","author":"Pratama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2020.04.247","article-title":"Comparison of fake and real news based on morphological analysis","volume":"171","author":"Kapusta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocs.2022.101576","article-title":"Technical solution to counter potential crime: Text analysis to detect fake news and disinformation","volume":"60","author":"Kozik","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acalib.2020.102195","article-title":"Academic library guides for tackling fake news: A content analysis","volume":"46","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Acad. Librariansh."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1177\/09579265221095406","article-title":"The normalization of far-right populism and nativist authoritarianism: Discursive practices in media, journalism and the wider public sphere\/s","volume":"33","year":"2022","journal-title":"Discourse Soc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/comt.12021","article-title":"Social Democracy or Corporate Libertarianism? Conflicting Media Policy Narratives in the Wake of Market Failure","volume":"23","author":"Pickard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Commun. Theory"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1177\/1748048509341893","article-title":"(Afri)Ethics, Communitarianism and Libertarianism","volume":"71","author":"Tomaselli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Commun. Gaz."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.51480\/1899-5101.14.2(29).6","article-title":"The Mass Media\u2019s Systemic Contribution to Political Transformation: Coverage of the 1956 Uprising in Hungarian Print Media (June 1988-June 1989)","volume":"14","author":"Dupuis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"56","article-title":"Mapping the Scholarship of Fake News Research: A Systematic Review","volume":"16","author":"Arqoub","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pract."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, S.A., Shahzad, K., Shabbir, O., and Iqbal, A. (2022). Developing a Framework for Fake News Diffusion Control (FNDC) on Digital Media (DM): A Systematic Review 2010\u20132022. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su142215287"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baptista, J.P., and Gradim, A. (2022). Who Believes in Fake News? Identification of Political (A)Symmetries. Soc. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci11100460"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"McQuail, D. (2010). McQuail\u2019s Mass Communication Theory, Sage Publication. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"137","article-title":"Defining \u201cFake News\u201d: A typology of scholarly definitions","volume":"6","author":"Tandoc","year":"2018","journal-title":"Digit. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hangloo, S., and Arora, B. (2022). Combating Multimodal Fake News on Social Media: Methods, Datasets, and Future Perspective, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00530-022-00966-y"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"157","article-title":"Causes and consequences of mainstream media dissemination of fake news: Literature review and synthesis","volume":"44","author":"Tsfati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Int. Commun. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"2215","article-title":"News Media Credibility Ratings and Perceptions of Online Fake News Exposure in Five Countries","volume":"21","author":"Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Stud."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.technovation.2017.01.001","article-title":"Applying LSA text mining technique in envisioning social impacts of emerging technologies: The case of drone technology","volume":"60\u201361","author":"Kwon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Technovation"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2008.03.045","article-title":"Latent semantic analysis for text categorization using neural network","volume":"21","author":"Yu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Knowl.-Based Syst."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2021.107704","article-title":"A text mining-based framework to discover the important factors in text reviews for predicting the views of live streaming","volume":"111","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2020.114130","article-title":"Extending latent semantic analysis to manage its syntactic blindness","volume":"165","author":"Suleman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1108\/IMDS-04-2020-0214","article-title":"Online review analytics for hotel quality at macro and micro levels","volume":"121","author":"Hsiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ind. Manag. Data Syst."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Gupta, D., Khanna, A., Bhattacharyya, S., Hassanien, A.E., Anand, S., and Jaiswal, A. (2023). Automatic Text Summarization of Konkani Texts Using Latent Semantic Analysis BT\u2014International Conference on Innovative Computing and Communications, Springer Nature."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"100089","article-title":"Evolution of Alzheimer\u2019s disease research from a health-tech perspective: Insights from text mining","volume":"2","author":"Martinelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Manag. Data Insights"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Wang, C., Guo, X., and Han, H. (2012, January 20\u201324). Crime detection using Latent Semantic Analysis and hierarchical structure. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Conference on Computer Science and Automation Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1093\/gerhis\/ght102","article-title":"Ein Volk, ein Reich, eine Republik: Gro\u00dfdeutsch Nationalism and democratic politics in the weimar and first Austrian Republics","volume":"32","author":"Hochman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ger. Hist."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"13","article-title":"Fake News and Journalistic \u201cRules of the Game\u201d","volume":"40","author":"Wahutu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Afr. J. Stud."}],"container-title":["Big Data and Cognitive Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2504-2289\/7\/2\/81\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:19:54Z","timestamp":1760123994000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2504-2289\/7\/2\/81"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["bdcc7020081"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bdcc7020081","relation":{},"ISSN":["2504-2289"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2504-2289","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]}}}