{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T21:32:14Z","timestamp":1778880734639,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["03SF0624"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03SF0624"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BDCC"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The heat transition is a central pillar of the energy transition, aiming to decarbonize and improve the energy efficiency of the heat supply in both the private and industrial sectors. On the one hand, this is achieved by substituting fossil fuels with renewable energy. On the other hand, it involves reducing overall heat consumption and associated transmission and ventilation losses. In addition to refurbishment, digitalization contributes significantly. Despite substantial research on Digital Twins (DTs) for heat transition at different scales, a cross-scale perspective on heat optimization still needs to be developed. In response to this research gap, the present study examines four instances of applied DTs across various scales: building, campus, neighborhood, and urban. The study compares their objectives and conceptual frameworks while also identifying common challenges and potential synergies. The study\u2019s findings indicate that all DT scales face similar data-related challenges, such as gathering, ownership, connectivity, and reliability. Also, hierarchical synergy is identified among the DTs, implying the need for collaboration and exchange. In response to this, the \u201cW\u00e4rmewende\u201d data platform, whose objectives and concepts are presented in the paper, promotes research data and knowledge exchange with internal and external stakeholders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc7030145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T08:25:33Z","timestamp":1692951933000},"page":"145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Applied Digital Twin Concepts Contributing to Heat Transition in Building, Campus, Neighborhood, and Urban Scale"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2492-5028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Lesnyak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty II\u2014School of Computing Science, Business Administration, Economics and Law, The Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Ammerl\u00e4nder Heerstra\u00dfe 114-118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany"},{"name":"OFFIS\u2014Institute for Information Technology, Escherweg 2, 26121 Oldenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tabea","family":"Belkot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OFFIS\u2014Institute for Information Technology, Escherweg 2, 26121 Oldenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4944-7758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Hurka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering Geoinformation and Health Technology, Jade University of Applied Sciences Wilhelmshaven\/Oldenburg\/Elsfleth, Ofener Str. 16\/19, 26121 Oldenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan Philipp","family":"H\u00f6rding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty II\u2014School of Computing Science, Business Administration, Economics and Law, The Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Ammerl\u00e4nder Heerstra\u00dfe 114-118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany"},{"name":"OFFIS\u2014Institute for Information Technology, Escherweg 2, 26121 Oldenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lea","family":"Kuhlmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stadt Oldenburg (Oldb), Industriestra\u00dfe 1 a, 26121 Oldenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"Paulau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering Geoinformation and Health Technology, Jade University of Applied Sciences Wilhelmshaven\/Oldenburg\/Elsfleth, Ofener Str. 16\/19, 26121 Oldenburg, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Applied Photogrammetry and Geoinformatics (IAPG), Jade University of Applied Sciences Wilhelmshaven\/Oldenburg\/Elsfleth, Ofener Str. 16\/19, 26121 Oldenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4236-7256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marvin","family":"Schnabel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering Geoinformation and Health Technology, Jade University of Applied Sciences Wilhelmshaven\/Oldenburg\/Elsfleth, Ofener Str. 16\/19, 26121 Oldenburg, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Applied Photogrammetry and Geoinformatics (IAPG), Jade University of Applied Sciences Wilhelmshaven\/Oldenburg\/Elsfleth, Ofener Str. 16\/19, 26121 Oldenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4311-2753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrik","family":"Sch\u00f6nfeldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DLR Institute of Networked Energy Systems, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 15, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Middelberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering Geoinformation and Health Technology, Jade University of Applied Sciences Wilhelmshaven\/Oldenburg\/Elsfleth, Ofener Str. 16\/19, 26121 Oldenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Energy Agency (IEA) (2023, May 30). 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