{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T04:31:29Z","timestamp":1780547489898,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"AGROTOUR\u2013New Technologies and Innovative Approaches to Agri-Food and Tourism to Boost Regional Excellence in Western Macedonia","award":["MIS 5047196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIS 5047196"]}]},{"name":"AGROTOUR\u2013New Technologies and Innovative Approaches to Agri-Food and Tourism to Boost Regional Excellence in Western Macedonia","award":["NSRF 2014\u20132020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSRF 2014\u20132020"]}]},{"name":"Operational Program Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation","award":["MIS 5047196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIS 5047196"]}]},{"name":"Operational Program Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation","award":["NSRF 2014\u20132020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSRF 2014\u20132020"]}]},{"name":"Greece and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund)","award":["MIS 5047196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIS 5047196"]}]},{"name":"Greece and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund)","award":["NSRF 2014\u20132020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSRF 2014\u20132020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BDCC"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this systematic review centers on cognitive assessment based on electroencephalography (EEG) analysis in Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR) and Mixed Reality (MR) environments, projected on Head Mounted Displays (HMD), in healthy individuals. A range of electronic databases were searched (Scopus, ScienceDirect, IEEE Explore and PubMed), using PRISMA research method and 82 experimental studies were included in the final report. Specific aspects of cognitive function were evaluated, including cognitive load, immersion, spatial awareness, interaction with the digital environment and attention. These were analyzed based on various aspects of the analysis, including the number of participants, stimuli, frequency bands range, data preprocessing and data analysis. Based on the analysis conducted, significant findings have emerged both in terms of the experimental structure related to cognitive neuroscience and the key parameters considered in the research. Also, numerous significant avenues and domains requiring more extensive exploration have been identified within neuroscience and cognition research in digital environments. These encompass factors such as the experimental setup, including issues like narrow participant populations and the feasibility of using EEG equipment with a limited number of sensors to overcome the challenges posed by the time-consuming placement of a multi-electrode EEG cap. There is a clear need for more in-depth exploration in signal analysis, especially concerning the \u03b1, \u03b2, and \u03b3 sub-bands and their role in providing more precise insights for evaluating cognitive states. Finally, further research into augmented and mixed reality environments will enable the extraction of more accurate conclusions regarding their utility in cognitive neuroscience.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc7040163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T10:04:39Z","timestamp":1697191479000},"page":"163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Cognitive Assessment Based on Electroencephalography Analysis in Virtual and Augmented Reality Environments, Using Head Mounted Displays: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Foteini","family":"Gramouseni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, 501 00 Kozani, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9640-7005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katerina D.","family":"Tzimourta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, 501 00 Kozani, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1503-8952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pantelis","family":"Angelidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, 501 00 Kozani, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0615-783X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Giannakeas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics and Telecommunication, University of Ioannina, 451 10 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6757-1698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markos G.","family":"Tsipouras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, 501 00 Kozani, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kiely, K.M. (2014). Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, Springer."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2023, January 19). Virtual Reality|Definition, Development, Technology, Examples, & Facts|Britannica. Available online: https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/technology\/virtual-reality."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2022, November 24). Augmented Reality|Definition, Examples, & Facts|Britannica. Available online: https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/technology\/augmented-reality."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597487","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2021.597487","article-title":"Effects of Level of Immersion on Virtual Training Transfer of Bimanual Assembly Tasks","volume":"2","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Virtual Real."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2017.12.007","article-title":"Adding Immersive Virtual Reality to a Science Lab Simulation Causes More Presence but Less Learning","volume":"60","author":"Makransky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Learn. Instr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.06.005","article-title":"Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement","volume":"62","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gramouseni, F., Tzimourta, K., Angelidis, P., Giannakeas, N., and Tsipouras, M.G. (2023, March 02). Cognitive Assessment Based on Electroencephalography Analysis in Virtual and Augmented Reality Environments, Using Head Mounted Displays: A Systematic Review. Available online: https:\/\/osf.io\/kfx5p.","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc7040163"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan\u2014A web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Gerry, L., Ens, B., Drogemuller, A., Thomas, B., and Billinghurst, M. (2018, January 21\u201326). Levity: A Virtual Reality System That Responds to Cognitive Load. Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dey, A., Chatburn, A., and Billinghurst, M. (2019, January 23\u201327). Exploration of an EEG-Based Cognitively Adaptive Training System in Virtual Reality. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR), Osaka, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2019.8797840"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tremmel, C., and Krusienski, D.J. (2019, January 6\u20139). EEG Spectral Conditioning for Cognitive-State Classification in Interactive Virtual Reality. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics (SMC), Bari, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC.2019.8914264"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00401","article-title":"Estimating Cognitive Workload in an Interactive Virtual Reality Environment Using EEG","volume":"13","author":"Tremmel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0160kola, F., Rizvi\u0107, S., Cozza, M., Barbieri, L., Bruno, F., Skarlatos, D., and Liarokapis, F. (2020). Virtual Reality with 360-Video Storytelling in Cultural Heritage: Study of Presence, Engagement, and Immersion. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20205851"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529040","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2020.529040","article-title":"Proposal and Evaluation of Visual Haptics for Manipulation of Remote Machine System","volume":"7","author":"Haruna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Robot. AI"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baceviciute, S., Mottelson, A., Terkildsen, T., and Makransky, G. (2020, January 25\u201330). Investigating Representation of Text and Audio in Educational VR Using Learning Outcomes and EEG. Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376872"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.104122","article-title":"Remediating Learning from Non-Immersive to Immersive Media: Using EEG to Investigate the Effects of Environmental Embeddedness on Reading in Virtual Reality","volume":"164","author":"Baceviciute","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, F., Zhang, Y., and Li, Y. (2021). From 2D to VR Film: A Research on the Load of Different Cutting Rates Based on EEG Data Processing. Information, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/info12030130"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, F., Wang, H., Cheng, W., Zhang, W., and Li, Y. (2021). A High-Density EEG Study Investigating VR Film Editing and Cognitive Event Segmentation Theory. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21217176"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-021-06158-w","article-title":"A Comparative Experimental Study of Visual Brain Event-Related Potentials to a Working Memory Task: Virtual Reality Head-Mounted Display versus a Desktop Computer Screen","volume":"239","author":"Aksoy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12595","article-title":"Investigating the Redundancy Principle in Immersive Virtual Reality Environments: An Eye-Tracking and EEG Study","volume":"38","author":"Baceviciute","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Learn."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baka, E., Stavroulia, K.E., Magnenat-Thalmann, N., and Lanitis, A. (2018, January 11\u201314). An EEG-Based Evaluation for Comparing the Sense of Presence between Virtual and Physical Environments. Proceedings of the Computer Graphics International 2018, Bintan Island, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1145\/3208159.3208179"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116351","article-title":"Electroencephalographic Evidence for the Involvement of Mirror-Neuron and Error-Monitoring Related Processes in Virtual Body Ownership","volume":"207","author":"Raz","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13264","article-title":"Effects of Virtual Reality on Creativity Performance and Perceived Immersion: A Study of Brain Waves","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2021.3106174","article-title":"Brain Dynamics of Spatial Reference Frame Proclivity in Active Navigation","volume":"29","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural. Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01765","article-title":"Common and Distinct Roles of Frontal Midline Theta and Occipital Alpha Oscillations in Coding Temporal Intervals and Spatial Distances","volume":"33","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Hubbard, R., Sipolins, A., and Zhou, L. Enhancing Learning through Virtual Reality and Neurofeedback: A First Step. Proceedings of the ACM International Conference Proceeding Series."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24617","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2832089","article-title":"Visual Appearance Modulates Prediction Error in Virtual Reality","volume":"6","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2020.04.006","article-title":"Labels Strengthen Motor Learning of New Tools","volume":"129","author":"Foerster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, A.K., and Tao, X. (2020, January 1\u20134). BCINet: An Optimized Convolutional Neural Network for EEG-Based Brain-Computer Interface Applications. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI), Canberra, ACT, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/SSCI47803.2020.9308292"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1109\/TCDS.2020.2991301","article-title":"Intraindividual Completion Time Modulates the Prediction Error Negativity in a Virtual 3-D Object Selection Task","volume":"12","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cogn. Dev. Syst."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117578","article-title":"The Impact of Hand Movement Velocity on Cognitive Conflict Processing in a 3D Object Selection Task in Virtual Reality","volume":"226","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foerster, F.R., and Goslin, J. (2021). Tool Use and Function Knowledge Shape Visual Object Processing. Biol. Psychol., 164.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2021.108143"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"250","article-title":"EEG Acquisition During the VR Administration of Resting State, Attention, and Image Recognition Tasks: A Feasibility Study","volume":"1033","author":"Rupp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Commun. Comput. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Errico, F., Leone, G., Schmid, M., and D\u2019Anna, C. (2020). Prosocial Virtual Reality, Empathy, and EEG Measures: A Pilot Study Aimed at Monitoring Emotional Processes in Intergroup Helping Behaviors. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10041196"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, G., Zhou, S., Kong, Z., and Guo, M. (2020). Closed-Loop Attention Restoration Theory for Virtual Reality-Based Attentional Engagement Enhancement. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20082208"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18326","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3053621","article-title":"Measuring the Impacts of Virtual Reality Games on Cognitive Ability Using EEG Signals and Game Performance Data","volume":"9","author":"Wan","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.107726","article-title":"Cold and Warm Coloured Classrooms. Effects on Students\u2019 Attention and Memory Measured through Psychological and Neurophysiological Responses","volume":"196","author":"Llinares","year":"2021","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, F., and Wang, H. (2021, January 9\u201311). Comparison of Repeated Viewing in Traditional 2D and VR Movies: A Study on Brain Waves. Proceedings of the 2021 6th International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing (ICSP), Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSP51882.2021.9408764"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Qadir, Z., Chowdhury, E., Ghosh, L., and Konar, A. (2019). Pattern Recognition and Machine Intelligence. PReMI 2019, Springer."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.-T., Rajapakse, R.P.C.J., and Miyata, K. (2022, January 27\u201329). EEG-Based Evaluation on Intuitive Gesture Interaction in Virtual Environment. Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Cyberworlds (CW), Kanazawa, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/CW55638.2022.00050"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3593","DOI":"10.1108\/ECAM-01-2021-0017","article-title":"Assessment of Mental Fatigue Using Electroencephalography (EEG) and Virtual Reality (VR) for Construction Fall Hazard Prevention","volume":"29","author":"Tehrani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eng. Constr. Archit. Manag."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2022.101718","article-title":"Identifying Uncertainty States during Wayfinding in Indoor Environments: An EEG Classification Study","volume":"54","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2021.101744","article-title":"Evaluating the Impacts of Color, Graphics, and Architectural Features on Wayfinding in Healthcare Settings Using EEG Data and Virtual Response Testing","volume":"79","author":"Kalantari","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2021.102829","article-title":"Resting-State Aperiodic Neural Dynamics Predict Individual Differences in Visuomotor Performance and Learning","volume":"78","author":"Immink","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.06.002","article-title":"Which EEG Feedback Works Better for Creativity Performance in Immersive Virtual Reality: The Reminder or Encouraging Feedback?","volume":"99","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, R., Zou-Williams, L., Cunningham, A., Walsh, J., Kohler, M., and Thornas, B.H. (April, January 27). Comparing the Neuro-Physiological Effects of Cinematic Virtual Reality with 2D Monitors. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR), Lisboa, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/VR50410.2021.00100"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2021.06.003","article-title":"Impact of Screen Size on Cognitive Training Task Performance: An HMD Study","volume":"166","author":"Redlinger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measen.2021.100062","article-title":"Comparing Brain Activity in Virtual and Non-Virtual Environments: A VR & EEG Study","volume":"18","author":"Redlinger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Meas. Sens."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Redlinger, E., Glas, B., and Rong, Y. (2021, January 23\u201325). Enhanced Cognitive Training Using Virtual Reality: Examining a Memory Task Modified for Use in Virtual Environments. Proceedings of the 2021 5th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Reality (AIVR), Kumamoto, Japan.","DOI":"10.1145\/3480433.3480435"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1113\/JP278167","article-title":"Agency and Responsibility over Virtual Movements Controlled through Different Paradigms of Brain\u2212computer Interface","volume":"599","author":"Nierula","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2019.2930082","article-title":"Mental Workload Drives Different Reorganizations of Functional Cortical Connectivity Between 2D and 3D Simulated Flight Experiments","volume":"27","author":"Kakkos","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-2978-7","article-title":"Testing a Novel Method for Improving Wayfinding by Means of a P3b Virtual Reality Visual Paradigm in Normal Aging","volume":"5","author":"Ricci","year":"2016","journal-title":"SpringerPlus"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01220","article-title":"Influence of Landmarks on Wayfinding and Brain Connectivity in Immersive Virtual Reality Environment","volume":"8","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8318","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15152","article-title":"Single-Trial Regression of Spatial Exploration Behavior Indicates Posterior EEG Alpha Modulation to Reflect Egocentric Coding","volume":"54","author":"Gehrke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-019-00738-8","article-title":"The Semiotics of the Message and the Messenger: How Nonverbal Communication Affects Fairness Perception","volume":"19","author":"Harjunen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.06.007","article-title":"Frontal Alpha Oscillations and Attentional Control: A Virtual Reality Neurofeedback Study","volume":"378","author":"Berger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.21053\/ceo.2018.01592","article-title":"\u00b7Sung Kwang Hong, Feasibility of Eye Tracking Assisted Vestibular Rehabilitation Strategy Using Immersive Virtual Reality","volume":"12","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-20473-0_20","article-title":"A Test Setting to Compare Spatial Awareness on Paper and in Virtual Reality Using Eeg Signals","volume":"953","author":"Adema","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst. Comput."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1080\/19427867.2020.1745358","article-title":"Cycling in Virtual Reality: Modelling Behaviour in an Immersive Environment","volume":"13","author":"Bogacz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Lett."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsab113","article-title":"Increasing Self-Other Similarity Modulates Ethnic Bias in Sensorimotor Resonance to Others\u2019 Pain","volume":"17","author":"Harjunen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107827","article-title":"Fearful Faces Modulate Spatial Processing in Peripersonal Space: An ERP Study","volume":"156","author":"Ellena","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2022.104540","article-title":"EEG-Based Investigation of the Impact of Room Size and Window Placement on Cognitive Performance","volume":"53","author":"Darfler","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darfler, M., Cruz-Garza, J.G., and Kalantari, S. (2022). An EEG-Based Investigation of the Effect of Perceived Observation on Visual Memory in Virtual Environments. Brain Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12020269"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsab123","article-title":"EEG Alpha and Theta Signatures of Socially and Non-Socially Cued Working Memory in Virtual Reality","volume":"17","author":"Gregory","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-60366-7_19","article-title":"A Brain Wave Research on VR (Virtual Reality) Usage: Comparison Between VR and 2D Video in EEG Measurement","volume":"592","author":"Kweon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst. Comput."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s11257-020-09286-0","article-title":"BARGAIN: Behavioral Affective Rule-Based Games Adaptation Interface\u2013towards Emotionally Intelligent Games: Application on a Virtual Reality Environment for Socio-Moral Development","volume":"31","author":"Benlamine","year":"2021","journal-title":"User Model. User-Adapt. Interact."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, J.W., Huh, S., and Jo, S. (2020). Improving Performance in Motor Imagery BCI-Based Control Applications via Virtually Embodied Feedback. Comput. Biol. Med., 127.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104079"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00071","article-title":"Kinesthetic and Vestibular Information Modulate Alpha Activity during Spatial Navigation: A Mobile EEG Study","volume":"8","author":"Ehinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0911-9","article-title":"The Combined Use of Virtual Reality and EEG to Study Language Processing in Naturalistic Environments","volume":"50","author":"Tromp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.03.034","article-title":"Changes in Alpha Activity Reveal That Social Opinion Modulates Attention Allocation during Face Processing","volume":"174","author":"Heyselaar","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1080\/00038628.2018.1523129","article-title":"Examining Wayfinding Behaviours in Architectural Spaces Using Brain Imaging with Electroencephalography (EEG)","volume":"61","author":"Erkan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Archit. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2020.10.003","article-title":"A Comparative Study on Inter-Brain Synchrony in Real and Virtual Environments Using Hyperscanning","volume":"94","author":"Gumilar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2022.102219","article-title":"Brain Fatigue Analysis from Virtual Reality Visual Stimulation Based on Granger Causality","volume":"73","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Displays"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2014.09.002","article-title":"Use of Auditory Event-Related Potentials to Measure Immersion during a Computer Game","volume":"73","author":"Burns","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Du, X., Ma, H., Wang, Z., Li, Y., and Wu, J. (2022). The Effect of Virtual-Reality-Based Restorative Environments on Creativity. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912083"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8158","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14956","article-title":"Alteration of Brain Dynamics during Dual-Task Overground Walking","volume":"54","author":"Nenna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-018-0355-2","article-title":"The Effect of a Virtual Reality Learning Environment on Learners\u2019 Spatial Ability","volume":"23","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109609","article-title":"Classification of EEG Signals: An Interpretable Approach Using Functional Data Analysis","volume":"376","author":"Yi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.110259","article-title":"Building Environment Information and Human Perceptual Feedback Collected through a Combined Virtual Reality (VR) and Electroencephalogram (EEG) Method","volume":"224","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, M., Li, Y., and Tian, F. (2021). Responses of Functional Brain Networks While Watching 2D and 3D Videos: An EEG Study. Biomed. Signal Process. Control, 68.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2021.102613"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14769","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1900648116","article-title":"Sensorimotor Brain Dynamics Reflect Architectural Affordances","volume":"116","author":"Djebbara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00348","article-title":"EEG-Based Classification of Internally- and Externally-Directed Attention in an Augmented Reality Paradigm","volume":"13","author":"Vortmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e09017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e09017","article-title":"Synchronised Neural Signature of Creative Mental Imagery in Reality and Augmented Reality","volume":"8","author":"Giannopulu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Hong, X., Qu, J., Xu, N., and Chen, T. (2022). Optimization and Improvement of Display Interaction System Based on Complex Command and Control Tasks. Aerospace, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/aerospace9070367"},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"1","article-title":"Usage of Augmented Reality Glasses in Automotive Industry: Age-Related Effects on Cognitive Load","volume":"8","author":"Ikiz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Recent Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1080\/0951192X.2021.1901314","article-title":"Effects of Augmented Reality Glasses on the Cognitive Load of Assembly Operators in the Automotive Industry","volume":"34","author":"Ikiz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Integr. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2022.01.007","article-title":"Differential Effects of Walking across Visual Cortical Processing Stages","volume":"149","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-016-1246-8","article-title":"Examining the Effect of Body Ownership in Immersive Virtual and Augmented Reality Environments","volume":"32","author":"Liarokapis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vis. Comput."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3934\/ElectrEng.2017.1.100","article-title":"Augmented Reality Device Operator Cognitive Strain Determination and Prediction","volume":"1","author":"Seeling","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIMS Electron. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4752(01)00014-7","article-title":"Cognitive Load Theory: Implications of Cognitive Load Theory on the Design of Learning","volume":"12","author":"Kirschner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Learn. Instr."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727840","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.727840","article-title":"Attention Detection in Virtual Environments Using EEG Signals: A Scoping Review","volume":"12","author":"Souza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012040","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1950\/1\/012040","article-title":"Factors Influencing Environmental Perception: A Systematic Review","volume":"1950","author":"Shynu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Georgiev, D.D., Georgieva, I., Gong, Z., Nanjappan, V., and Georgiev, G.V. (2021). Virtual Reality for Neurorehabilitation and Cognitive Enhancement. Brain Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11020221"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J.Y.C., and Fragomeni, G. (2021). Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-77599-5"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1080\/00038628.2021.2008300","article-title":"Architecture, Biometrics, and Virtual Environments Triangulation: A Research Review","volume":"65","author":"Mostafavi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Archit. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Milgram, P., and Kishino, F. (2022, December 28). A Taxonomy of Mixed Reality Visual Displays. Available online: https:\/\/search.ieice.org\/bin\/summary.php?id=e77-d_12_1321."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1202_4","article-title":"Cognitive Load During Problem Solving: Effects on Learning","volume":"12","author":"Sweller","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cogn. Sci."}],"container-title":["Big Data and Cognitive Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2504-2289\/7\/4\/163\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:06:32Z","timestamp":1760130392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2504-2289\/7\/4\/163"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["bdcc7040163"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bdcc7040163","relation":{},"ISSN":["2504-2289"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2504-2289","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]]}}}