{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T10:42:40Z","timestamp":1776336160082,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BDCC"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Artificial intelligence (AI) tools are increasingly being integrated into computer-aided diagnosis systems that can be applied to improve the recognition and clinical and molecular characterization of allergic diseases, including eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). This review aims to systematically evaluate current applications of AI, machine learning (ML), and deep learning (DL) methods in EoE characterization and management. Methods: We conducted a systematic review using a registered protocol published in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42023451048). The risk of bias and applicability of eligible studies were assessed according to the prediction model study risk of bias assessment tool (PROBAST). We searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science to retrieve the articles. The literature review was performed in May 2023. We included original research articles (retrospective or prospective studies) published in English in peer-reviewed journals, studies whose participants were patients with EoE, and studies assessing the application of AI, ML, or DL models. Results: A total of 120 articles were found. After removing 68 duplicates, 52 articles were reviewed based on the title and abstract, and 34 were excluded. Eleven full texts were assessed for eligibility, met the inclusion criteria, and were analyzed for the systematic review. The AI models developed in three studies for identifying EoE based on endoscopic images showed high score performance with an accuracy that ranged from 0.92 to 0.97. Five studies developed AI models that histologically identified EoE with high accuracy (87% to 99%). We also found two studies where the AI model identified subgroups of patients according to their clinical and molecular features. Conclusions: AI technologies could promote more accurate evidence-based management of EoE by integrating the results of molecular signature, clinical, histology, and endoscopic features. However, the era of AI application in medicine is just beginning; therefore, further studies with model validation in the real-world environment are required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc8070076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T11:17:09Z","timestamp":1720523829000},"page":"76","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The State of the Art of Artificial Intelligence Applications in Eosinophilic Esophagitis: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Martina","family":"Votto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Piazzale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1314-361X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo Maria","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"First Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}]},{"given":"Silvia Maria Elena","family":"Caimmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"De Filippo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Piazzale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Di Sabatino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"First Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6654-4911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco Vincenzo","family":"Lenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"First Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5146-1486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Raffaele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Surgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}]},{"given":"Gian Luigi","family":"Marseglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Piazzale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1773-6482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amelia","family":"Licari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Piazzale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.36171\/jamd18.21.3.04","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence and Big Data in Medicine: Scenarios, opportunities, and critical issues","volume":"21","author":"Musacchio","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMD"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0300-7","article-title":"High-performance medicine: The convergence of human and artificial intelligence","volume":"25","author":"Topol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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