{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:11:00Z","timestamp":1760058660721,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agency for \u201cInnovative Development\u201d of the Republic of Uzbekistan","award":["UZ-N39","J2-2504","#739574"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UZ-N39","J2-2504","#739574"]}]},{"name":"Slovenian Research Agency ARRS","award":["UZ-N39","J2-2504","#739574"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UZ-N39","J2-2504","#739574"]}]},{"name":"European Commission for funding the InnoRenewCoE project","award":["UZ-N39","J2-2504","#739574"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UZ-N39","J2-2504","#739574"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BDCC"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Word games are of great importance in the acquisition of vocabulary and letter recognition among children, usually between the ages of 3 and 13, boosting their memory, word retention, spelling, and cognition. Despite the importance of these games, little attention has been paid to the development of word games for low-resource or highly morphologically constructed languages. This study develops an Advanced Cubic-oriented Game (ACG) model by using a character-level N-gram technique and statistics, commonly known as the matching letter game, wherein a player forms words using a given number of cubes with letters on each of its sides. The main objective of this study is to find out the optimal number of letter cubes while maintaining the overall coverage. Comprehensive experiments on 12 datasets (from low-resource and high-resource languages) incorporating morphological features were conducted to form 3\u20135-letter words using 7\u20138 cubes and a special case of forming 6\u20137-letter words using 8\u20139 cubes. Experimental evaluations show that the ACG model achieved reasonably high results in terms of average total coverage, with 89.5% for 3\u20135-letter words using eight cubes and 79.7% for 6\u20137-letter words using nine cubes over 12 datasets. The ACG model obtained over 90% coverage for Uzbek, Turkish, English, Slovenian, Spanish, French, and Malaysian when constructing 3\u20135-letter words using eight cubes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc9040103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T06:53:46Z","timestamp":1744872826000},"page":"103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advanced Word Game Design Based on Statistics: A Cross-Linguistic Study with Extended Experiments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7614-118X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamolbek","family":"Mattiev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, Urgench State University, Khamid Alimdjan 14, Urgench 220100, Uzbekistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3020-7099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulugbek","family":"Salaev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, Urgench State University, Khamid Alimdjan 14, Urgench 220100, Uzbekistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9092-1633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Branko","family":"Kav\u0161ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Sciences and Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagolja\u0161ka 8, 6000 Koper, Slovenia"},{"name":"Department for Artificial Intelligence, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"89","article-title":"Vocabulary knowledge in the production of written texts: A case study on EFL language learners","volume":"30","author":"Viera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. 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Res."}],"container-title":["Big Data and Cognitive Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2504-2289\/9\/4\/103\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:16:11Z","timestamp":1760030171000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2504-2289\/9\/4\/103"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["bdcc9040103"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bdcc9040103","relation":{},"ISSN":["2504-2289"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2504-2289"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]]}}}