{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T19:18:05Z","timestamp":1785784685971,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2023YFC3107904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3107904"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2024IVA048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024IVA048"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2023BAB013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023BAB013"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2023YFC3107904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3107904"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2024IVA048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024IVA048"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2023BAB013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023BAB013"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Key R&amp;D Programme Project","award":["2023YFC3107904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3107904"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Key R&amp;D Programme Project","award":["2024IVA048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024IVA048"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Key R&amp;D Programme Project","award":["2023BAB013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023BAB013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BDCC"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Formulating effective typhoon avoidance routes is crucial for ensuring the safe navigation of ocean-going vessels. From a maritime safety perspective, this paper investigates ship route optimization under typhoon forecast uncertainty. Initially, the study calculates the probability of a ship encountering a typhoon based on the distribution of historical typhoon data within the radius of seven-level winds and the distance between the ship and the typhoon. Subsequently, the minimum safe distance is quantified, and a multi-objective ship route optimization model for typhoon avoidance is established. A three-dimensional multi-objective ant colony algorithm is designed to solve this model. Finally, a typhoon avoidance simulation experiment is conducted using Typhoon TAMRI and a classic route in the South China Sea as a case study. The experimental results demonstrate that under adverse conditions of uncertain typhoon forecasts, the proposed multi-objective typhoon avoidance route optimization model can effectively avoid high wind and wave areas of the typhoon while balancing and optimizing multiple navigation indicators. This model can serve as a reference for shipping companies in formulating typhoon avoidance strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc9060143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T09:58:09Z","timestamp":1747994289000},"page":"143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Ship Typhoon Avoidance Route Planning Method Under Uncertain Typhoon Forecasts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Zhengwei","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Navigation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junhong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Navigation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weihao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Navigation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8406-9261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinfeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Navigation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1085","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-22-0189.1","article-title":"Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change: Global Landfall Frequency Projections Derived from Knutson et al","volume":"104","author":"Jewson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bull. 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