{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:27:52Z","timestamp":1760059672985,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005980","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology (Kemendikbudristek) of Indonesia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NKB-1156\/UN2.RST\/HKP.05.00\/2023","20200421301149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NKB-1156\/UN2.RST\/HKP.05.00\/2023","20200421301149"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005980","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan (LPDP), Ministry of Finance, Indonesia","award":["NKB-1156\/UN2.RST\/HKP.05.00\/2023","20200421301149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NKB-1156\/UN2.RST\/HKP.05.00\/2023","20200421301149"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BDCC"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fake news has eroded trust in credible news sources, driving the need for tools to verify the accuracy of circulating information. Fact verification addresses this issue by classifying claims as Supports (S), Refutes (R), or Not Enough Info (NEI) based on evidence. Neural Semantic Matching Networks (NSMN) is an algorithm designed for this purpose, but its reliance on BiLSTM has shown limitations, particularly overfitting. This study aims to enhance NSMN for fact verification through a structured framework comprising encoding, alignment, matching, and output layers. The proposed approach employed Siamese MaLSTM in the matching layer and introduced the Manhattan Fact Relatedness Score (MFRS) in the output layer, culminating in a novel algorithm called Deep One-Directional Neural Semantic Siamese Network (DOD\u2013NSSN). Performance evaluation compared DOD\u2013NSSN with NSMN and transformer-based algorithms (BERT, RoBERTa, XLM, XL-Net). Results demonstrated that DOD\u2013NSSN achieved 91.86% accuracy and consistently outperformed other models, achieving over 95% accuracy across diverse topics, including sports, government, politics, health, and industry. The findings highlight the DOD\u2013NSSN model\u2019s capability to generalize effectively across various domains, providing a robust tool for automated fact verification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc9070172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T06:18:36Z","timestamp":1751264316000},"page":"172","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Deep One-Directional Neural Semantic Siamese Network for High-Accuracy Fact Verification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8346-0314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muchammad","family":"Naseer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1013-5473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jauzak Hussaini","family":"Windiatmaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia"}]},{"given":"Muhamad","family":"Asvial","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8841-8078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riri Fitri","family":"Sari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.datak.2021.101960","article-title":"The Impact of Psycholinguistic Patterns in Discriminating between Fake News Spreaders and Fact Checkers","volume":"138","author":"Giachanou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Data Knowl. 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