{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T18:42:51Z","timestamp":1776278571674,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BDCC"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Education is experiencing a paradigm shift, evolving from traditional learning methods to computer-tool-based education, and now toward the integration of Generative Artificial Intelligence. While classical methods offer structured and standardized learning, they often do not fully address individual learner needs and accessibility. The rise of digital technologies introduced adaptive learning platforms, online classrooms, and interactive educational tools, expanding the reach and flexibility of educational systems. Today, Generative Artificial Intelligence tools are redefining the education landscape by personalized learning experiences, automating content generation, and providing real-time feedback. Intelligent tutoring systems and personalized assessments empower students with customized learning pathways that enhance engagement and academic performance. This paper presents a meta-survey that systematically examines the role of Generative Artificial Intelligence in education, following PRISMA guidelines to analyze trends, frameworks, and research outcomes across a curated body of academic literature. Special attention is given to the emergence of commercial Generative Artificial Intelligence tools, which are increasingly embedded in learning environments. A structured comparison framework and research questions guide the review, offering insights into how Generative Artificial Intelligence technologies are shaping pedagogical practices, influencing assessment, and raising new ethical and technical challenges. The paper also explores future directions, highlighting how Generative Artificial Intelligence is driving the emergence of new learning models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc9090237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T14:31:41Z","timestamp":1758033101000},"page":"237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Meta-Survey of Generative AI in Education: Trends, Challenges, and Research Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0683-0461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sirine","family":"Bouguettaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Modeling, Electronics and Systems Engineering (DIMES), University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0742-9737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Pupo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Modeling, Electronics and Systems Engineering (DIMES), University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0960-4447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China"},{"name":"Pazhou Laboratory, Guangzhou 510640, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4039-891X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Fortino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Modeling, Electronics and Systems Engineering (DIMES), University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Olga, A., Saini, A., Zapata, G., Searsmith, D., Cope, B., Kalantzis, M., and Kastania, N.P. (2023). Generative AI: Implications and applications for education. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"25","article-title":"Intersezione tra intelligenza artificiale generativa e educazione: Un\u2019ipotesi","volume":"30","author":"Fortino","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Educ. Cult. Psychol. Stud. ECPS J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalota, F.A. (2024). A Primer on Generative Artificial Intelligence. Educ. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci14020172"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.20897\/ejosdr\/3970","article-title":"Comparing virtual learning, classical classroom learning and blended learning","volume":"3","author":"Suleri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sustain. Dev. 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