{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:30:50Z","timestamp":1760142650310,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic","award":["VK01020196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VK01020196"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BDCC"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traditional training methods for first responders are often limited by time, resources, and safety constraints, which reduces their consistency and effectiveness. This study focused on two main issues: whether exposure to virtual reality training scenarios induces measurable physiological changes in heart rate and heart rate variability, and whether these responses differ between police and firefighter contexts. The aim of this study was to explore the integration of virtual reality technologies into responder training and to evaluate how biomedical monitoring can be used to assess training effectiveness. A pilot measurement was conducted with ten participants who completed systematic crime scene investigation scenarios in both domains. Heart activity was continuously recorded using a wearable sensor and analyzed for heart rate and heart rate variability parameters, while cognitive load and task performance were also assessed. The collected data were statistically evaluated using tests of normality and paired comparisons between baseline and virtual reality phases. The results showed a significant increase in heart rate and a decrease in heart rate variability during virtual reality exposure compared to baseline, with higher cognitive load and success rates in police scenarios compared to firefighter scenarios. These findings indicate that virtual reality scenarios can elicit measurable psychophysiological responses and highlight the potential of combining immersive technologies with biomedical monitoring for the development of adaptive and effective training methods for first responders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc9100251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T14:16:29Z","timestamp":1759241789000},"page":"251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Monitoring of First Responders Biomedical Data During Training with Innovative Virtual Reality Technologies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3460-7914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00fddie","family":"Leov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Health Care and Population Protection, Czech Technical University in Prague, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1026-3874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Molek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of the Interior\u2013General Directorate of the Fire Rescue Service of the Czech Republic, Population Protection Institute, 533 41 L\u00e1zn\u011b Bohdane\u010d, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7230-7421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petr","family":"Volf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Health Care and Population Protection, Czech Technical University in Prague, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5795-7581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Sokol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Health Care and Population Protection, Czech Technical University in Prague, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Hejda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Health Care and Population Protection, Czech Technical University in Prague, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1272-3236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zden\u011bk","family":"Hon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Health Care and Population Protection, Czech Technical University in Prague, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9821-4442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Bure\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"XR Institute s.r.o., 326 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Patrik","family":"Kutilek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Health Care and Population Protection, Czech Technical University in Prague, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645153","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2021.645153","article-title":"A Review on Virtual Reality Skill Training Applications","volume":"2","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. 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