{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T16:18:28Z","timestamp":1764692308259,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BDCC"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Driving safety education remains a critical societal priority, and understanding traffic rules is essential for reducing road accidents and improving driver awareness. This study presents the development and evaluation of a virtual simulator for learning traffic rules, incorporating spherical video technology and interactive training scenarios. The primary objective was to enhance the accessibility and effectiveness of traffic rule education by utilizing modern virtual reality approaches without the need for specialized equipment. A key research component is using Petri net-based models to study the simulator\u2019s dynamic states, enabling the analysis and optimization of system behavior. The developed simulator employs large language models for the automated generation of educational content and test questions, supporting personalized learning experiences. Additionally, a model for determining the camera rotation angle was proposed, ensuring a realistic and immersive presentation of training scenarios within the simulator. The system\u2019s cloud-based, modular software architecture and cross-platform algorithms ensure flexibility, scalability, and compatibility across devices. The simulator allows users to practice traffic rules in realistic road environments with the aid of spherical videos and receive immediate feedback through contextual prompts. The developed system stands out from existing traffic rule learning platforms by combining spherical video technology, large language model-based content generation, and cloud architecture to create a more interactive, adaptive, and realistic learning experience. The experimental results confirm the simulator\u2019s high efficiency in improving users\u2019 knowledge of traffic rules and practical decision-making skills.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc9120304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T15:31:46Z","timestamp":1764689506000},"page":"304","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of Traffic Rules Training Platform Using LLMs and Cloud Video Streaming"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6883-0233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artem","family":"Kazarian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automated Control Systems, Computer Science and Information Technologies Institute, Lviv Polytechnic National University, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5974-9310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasyl","family":"Teslyuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automated Control Systems, Computer Science and Information Technologies Institute, Lviv Polytechnic National University, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9931-4154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleh","family":"Berezsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, West Ukrainian National University, Lviviska, 11, 46003 Ternopil, Ukraine"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0280-8786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleh","family":"Pitsun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, West Ukrainian National University, Lviviska, 11, 46003 Ternopil, Ukraine"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.29140\/jaltcall.v16n3.388","article-title":"Virtual reality in education: The promise, progress, and challenge","volume":"16","author":"Lege","year":"2020","journal-title":"JALT CALL J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-020-00444-8","article-title":"Virtual reality and augmented reality in social learning spaces: A literature review","volume":"25","author":"Scavarelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Tafazoli, D., and Romero, M. 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