{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T04:07:29Z","timestamp":1762056449601,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]],"date-time":"2022-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computation"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article aims to formulate proposals for regulatory bodies whose implementation would ensure the effective introduction of civil circulation into electronic signatures, with minimal costs for economic entities. While electronic signatures have been widely discussed in academic literature, there are still gaps in the understanding of similarities and differences between electronic and handwritten signatures, the functional specifics of the relationship between them, and the role of electronic signatures for electronic contract. Our research has allowed us to overcome this gap adopting a functional symmetry approach based on measuring the distance between fuzzy sets and the Mamdani fuzzy inference algorithm. This made it possible to form an estimate of the degree of functional symmetry between different types of signatures in a fuzzy and exact form. Correspondingly, we argue that the signature can be viewed as a set of procedures rather than as a single act in order to achieve functional symmetry with a handwritten signature. The case of online lending was used to test and prove this hypothesis. Therefore, regulating electronic signatures needs to focus on the efficiency of this processes for ex ante identification, capturing the intent, ensuring the inalterability and providing reliable evidence, irrespective of the type of electronic signature that is used. It was also revealed that the proposed functional symmetry approach can be combined with a fuzziness index analysis to provide new prospects for further research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computation10070106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,25]],"date-time":"2022-06-25T10:39:13Z","timestamp":1656153553000},"page":"106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Digital Transformation of Signatures: Suggesting Functional Symmetry Approach for Loan Agreements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Viktor","family":"Titov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Modern Financial Technology Laboratory of St Petersburg University, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia"}]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"Shust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Modern Financial Technology Laboratory of St Petersburg University, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Dostov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Modern Financial Technology Laboratory of St Petersburg University, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Leonova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Russian Electronic Money and Remittance Association, 107078 Moscow, Russia"}]},{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Krivoruchko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Banking and Financial Markets, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, 125993 Moscow, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9467-2785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadezhda","family":"Lvova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Modern Financial Technology Laboratory of St Petersburg University, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia"}]},{"given":"Iurii","family":"Guzov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Modern Financial Technology Laboratory of St Petersburg University, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia"}]},{"given":"Angelina","family":"Vashchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Modern Financial Technology Laboratory of St Petersburg University, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8314-9470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Pokrovskaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Modern Financial Technology Laboratory of St Petersburg University, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia"}]},{"given":"Anton","family":"Braginets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Modern Financial Technology Laboratory of St Petersburg University, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia"}]},{"given":"Mikhail","family":"Zaboev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems in Economics of St Petersburg University, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Rule Making in the Digital Economy: Overcoming Functional Equivalence as a Regulatory Principle in the EU","volume":"22","author":"Savin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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