{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T19:18:39Z","timestamp":1773515919361,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,10]],"date-time":"2023-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"national funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/05064\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05064\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computation"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The past few decades have witnessed remarkable progress in the application of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in medicine, notably in medical imaging. The application of ML to dental and oral imaging has also been developed, powered by the availability of clinical dental images. The present work aims to investigate recent progress concerning the application of ML in the diagnosis of oral diseases using oral X-ray imaging, namely the quality and outcome of such methods. The specific research question was developed using the PICOT methodology. The review was conducted in the Web of Science, Science Direct, and IEEE Xplore databases, for articles reporting the use of ML and AI for diagnostic purposes in X-ray-based oral imaging. Imaging types included panoramic, periapical, bitewing X-ray images, and oral cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). The search was limited to papers published in the English language from 2018 to 2022. The initial search included 104 papers that were assessed for eligibility. Of these, 22 were included for a final appraisal. The full text of the articles was carefully analyzed and the relevant data such as the clinical application, the ML models, the metrics used to assess their performance, and the characteristics of the datasets, were registered for further analysis. The paper discusses the opportunities, challenges, and limitations found.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computation11060115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T01:28:21Z","timestamp":1686533301000},"page":"115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Machine Learning in X-ray Diagnosis for Oral Health: A Review of Recent Progress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1358-8638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica Vieira","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4769-5706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Henrique","family":"Lu\u00eds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, Unidade de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Orais e Biom\u00e9dicas (UICOB), Rua Professora Teresa Ambr\u00f3sio, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, Rede de Higienistas Orais para o Desenvolvimento da Ci\u00eancia (RHODes), Rua Professora Teresa Ambr\u00f3sio, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechcare), Polytechnic of Leiria, 2410-541 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Assun\u00e7\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, Unidade de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias Orais e Biom\u00e9dicas (UICOB), Rua Professora Teresa Ambr\u00f3sio, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Dent\u00e1ria, Universidade de Lisboa, Rede de Higienistas Orais para o Desenvolvimento da Ci\u00eancia (RHODes), Rua Professora Teresa Ambr\u00f3sio, 1600-277 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology (ciTechcare), Polytechnic of Leiria, 2410-541 Leiria, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8947-3469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio-Rui","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6962-3490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentim","family":"Realinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal"},{"name":"VALORIZA\u2014Research Center for Endogenous Resource Valorization, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17030","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.30","article-title":"Dental Caries","volume":"3","author":"Pitts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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