{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:14:35Z","timestamp":1773274475749,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computation"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A numerical investigation of masonry walls subjected to blast loads is presented in this article. A non-linear finite element model is proposed to describe the structural response of the walls. A unilateral contact\u2013friction law is used in the interfaces of the masonry blocks to provide the discrete failure between the blocks. A continuum damage plasticity model is also used to account for the compressive and tensile failure of the blocks. The main goal of this article is to investigate the different collapse mechanisms that arise as an effect of the blast load parameters and the static load of the wall. Parametric studies are conducted to evaluate the effect of the blast source\u2013wall (standoff) distance and the blast weight on the structural response of the system. It is shown that the traditional in-plane diagonal cracking failure mode may still dominate when a blast action is present, depending on the considered standoff distance and the blast weight when in-plane static loading is also applied to the wall. It is also highlighted that the presence of an opening in the wall may significantly reduce the effect of the blasting action.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/computation11080165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T08:53:31Z","timestamp":1692608011000},"page":"165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Investigation of the Failure Response of Masonry Walls Subjected to Blast Loading Using Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sipho G.","family":"Thango","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Civil Engineering, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9199-2110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios E.","family":"Stavroulakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production Engineering and Management, Technical University of Crete, 73100 Chania, Greece"}]},{"given":"Georgios A.","family":"Drosopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Civil Engineering, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"},{"name":"Discipline of Civil Engineering, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Experimental study of masonry wall exposed to blast loading","volume":"64","author":"Ahmad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. 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